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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Discovered penicillin
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Fleming
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Retested strep and effects of penicillin
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Flore and Chain
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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Ruska
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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Knoll
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Sulfa drugs
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Domagk
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Discovered that DNA is genetic material, and that material is transmitted from parent to offspring
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Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty
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Discovered the structure of DNA (double helix)
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Watson and Crick (Franklin)
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Polio virus vaccine using killed virus
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Salk
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Polio virus vaccine using live virus
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Saben
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Interferon, which are the group of proteins produced to warn other cells of invasion
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Isaacs and Lindenmann
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Discovered the structure of antibodies; Recognized that specific foreign bodies (antigens) call the immune system to action
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Edelman and Porter
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Worked with monoclonal antibodies, which is the technique used to make copies; Helped produce anti-venom
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Millstein
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Worked with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) which was used to make several copies of a particular segment of DNA for studying
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Mullis
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Antibody Molecular Genetics; Studied how our immune system works; How do we recognize something as "foreign"
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Tonegawa
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All living things can be divided based on these two things
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energy source
carbon source |
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What are the two energy sources?
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Phototrophs=light
Chemotrophs= org/inorganic compounds |
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What are the two carbon sources
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Autotrophs=Use CO2
Heterotrophs=Other organisms |
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Example of photoautotrophs
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*Photosynthetic bacteria
Instead of water in photosynthesis, they use sulfur, and produce sulfur Algae Green plants |
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Example of photoheterotrophs
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Purple and green non-sulfur bacteria
*Pigment captures energy in light *Photosynthesize using organic compounds instead of H2O |
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Example of Chemoautotrophs
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H bacteria
S bacteria Fe bacteria Nitrifying bacteria * Tells where they get their energy (what type of compound) |
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Example of Chemoheterotrophs
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Most bacteria
All Fungi All Protozoans All animals |
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Who created the five kingdoms in 1960's, and what are they?
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Whittaker
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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Who created the three "superkingdoms" or domains, and what are they?
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Woese, Fox;
Bacteria (typical prokaryotic cells) Archaea (atypical prokaryote, found in extreme conditions) Eukarya- |
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What is the three domain classification based on?
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RNA similarities; genetics
Illustrates how life is thought to have arisen Bacteria gave rise to mitochondria |
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How are viruses classified?
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Based on host
Ex. Bacterial (bacteriophage) |
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Divisions of a kingdom
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Kingdom, Phylums, Classes, Orders, Families, Genera (Genus), Species
"King Philip Came Over For Ginger Snaps" |
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Human nomenclature
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Kingdom animalia, Phylum chordata, Class mammalia, Order primate, Family hominidae, Genera homo, Species sapiens "wise man"
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Binomial nomenclature use which two categories?
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Genus and species
eg Escherichia Coli (Researcher name, lives in colon Micrococcus luteus (little berry, yellow) |
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Species definition for microbiology
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Collection of strains sharing phenotypic and genotypic properties
*A strain is a population of cells that descend from a single cell or pure culture isolate" |
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What is resolution?
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Minimum distance between two points that you can still distinguish that they are two separate points (resolve them)
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In resolution formula, the smaller the number on top is (lambda), what is true?
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The closer the two points can be
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The _____ the numerical aperature (n.a.), the better resolution
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higher; refers to objective lens
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lambda refers to what?
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wavelength of light
Different colors have different wavelengths |
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What does pH measure?
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H+ ions
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A chemical stain has to have what two things?
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A chromagen (pigment; gives color)
An auxochrome, which allows chromagen to stick to the cell |
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An acidic stain binds to what?
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Positive cell component e.g. many proteins
Eosin |
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A basic stain binds to what?
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Negative cell components e.g. cell wall, nucleic acids
Crystal violet, safranin |
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A negative stain shows what?
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A ghostly image on a dark background. The stain is repelled from the cell surface. e.g. nigrosin, india ink
You get to see the natural size and shape of the cell because the stain has not bound to it. |
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Invented compound microscope
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Janssen
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Used compound microscope to describe cells in cork; described plant cells
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Hooke
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Believed in spontaneous generations; One of the first to test the hypothesis "maggots from flies"
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Redi
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Considered the father of microbiology; Described protozoa, bacteria; Called them animalcules
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Van Leeuwenhook
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First known smallpox vaccine
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Jenner
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Discovered that boiled broth must have air to become contaminated; Covered broth does not become cloudy
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Spallaazani
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Proposed cell theory; Stated that the cell is the basic unit of life, and all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
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Schleiden and Schwann
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First to research hand washing in hospitals
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Semmelweiss
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Expanded on cell theory; All cells are from prior cells
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Virchow
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Developed the rabies vaccine; Dealt a death blow to spontaneous generation; demonstrated that contamination comes from air, not from broth
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Pasteur
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Genetics and inheritence info from between cells; Worked with pea plants
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Mendel
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Dust particles can carry microorganisms; Some microorganisms have two forms- heat sensitive and heat resistant
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Tyndall
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Discovered endospores (form that can withstand heating)
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Cohn
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Germ theory; germs cause infection; Developed criteria for determining the 4 steps for infections (spreadable) disease *postulates
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Koch
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What are the 5 basic components of a eukaryotic cell?
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Cell membrane
Cytoplasm Inclusions Organelles Cell Wall (surrounds cell membrane) |
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Functions of cell membrane
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Boundary
Semipermeable membrane Protein receptor-communication to outside world, other cells through chemcals |
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Function of cytoplasm
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Shape movement of material inside cell; highway along wire; rearranged attached to cell membrane, causing entire cell to move
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Function of Inclusions
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Storage
i.e. melanin/ glycogen |
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Function of nucleus
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Contain DNA, genes and chromosomes; instructions for the cell. Each nucleus has one or more nucleoli which contain RNA and serve as sites for the assembly of ribosomes
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Function of ribosomes
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Proteins made there; protein synthesis
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Function of endoplasmic reticulum
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Extensive system that forms numerous tubes and plates in the cytoplasm. 2 types- smooth, to make lipids, and rough, to manufacture protein.
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Function of mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell; They have 2 membranes. The inner membrane is extensively folded to form cristae.
They carry out the oxidative reactions that capture energy in ATP |
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Function of Golgi complex (apparatus)
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Protein travels through here, being modified; Ready to get shipped; More finished form
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Function of lysosomes
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Not found in prokaryotic cells;
Digestive enzymes, gets rid of materials; Happens inside membranes, don't destroy surrounding areas |
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Function of peroxisomes
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Convert hydrogen peroxide into water in both plant and animal cells
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function of centrioles
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Animals have, plants do not; Pair, made up of microtubules; chromosomes line up in middle, migrate to centrioles, stretch all the way across cells, pulls apart, cell division
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Function of flagella
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Long, few, motility- whipping motion
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Function of cilia
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Short, many, motility- sweeping. Due to the large number, they can move much more rapidly than those with flagella
Cilia on some cells can also propel fluids, dissolved particles, bacteria, mucus, and so on past the cell, which is a great defense mechanism |
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In which organisms are cell walls found?
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Plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae
**Not in animals or protozoa |
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Meaning of "species" with sexually reproducing organisms
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They are the same species if they can reproduce, and their offspring can also reproduce
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List and explain the two aspects to consider about a microscope
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1. Magnification- makes object larger, but not clearer
2. Resolution- The minimum distance between 2 points that you can still tell that they are two separate points (resolve them) |
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How are chemical stains categorized?
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Negative- repelled from cell surface, stains background, ghostly image, and you can see their natural size and shape
Positive- Attracted to the cell components, stain the cell, and are further subdivided into acidic (bind to many proteins) and basic (bind to cell wall, nucleic acids) **more common |
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Example of acidic stain
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eosin
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Example of basic stain
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Crystal violet, safranin
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Example of negative stain
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nigrosin, India ink
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Llist three examples of a differential stain
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Gram stain- CV, Gram's iodine, safranin
Acid Fast Stain- Carbol Fuchsin, Methylene blue, Spore Stain- Malachite Green, Safranin |
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What is the difference between simple and differential staining?
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With a simple stain, you only see the basic morphology...overall shape
With a differential stain you are able to "differentiate" between different kinds of cells, and see the different parts of the cell |
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List and describe the two fungal cell types
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Yeasts- round cells, asexual reproduction by budding
e.g. brewer's yeast Hyphae (Hi-Fee)- Long, threadlike, form mycelium (intertwined weblike structure) e.g. molds |
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Structural types of hyphae
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Septate ( divided into segments) or nonseptate (one long continuous cell)
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Functional types of hyphae
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Vegetative (i.e. mycelium)- Network of filaments (mat) that digest, absorb nutrients; They release enzymes into the soil or fruit (strawberry) which breakdown the food
Reproductive (also called aerial because they stick up in the air)- Produce spores, and these spores germinate to form hyphae |
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List and define the two types of asexual fungal spores
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Sporangiospores- released when sac ruptures
Conidiospores- Pinch off from hyphae, carried off by air currents; No Sac |
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List and define the three types of sexual fungal spores
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Zygospore- Hyphae of 2 opposite strains fuse to form diploid zygote...eventually forms sporangium, and rupture of this releases sporangiospores (pic on bread)
Ascospores- Male, female sexual organs fuse, and produce diploid (ascus) sac Basidiospores- haploid spores formed by meiosis within basidium (The basidia comes from the gill on the underside of a mushroom) |
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Anytime you see "myc", it means what?
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Fungi
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What is the subkingdom of fungi that we are concerned with?
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Amastigomycota- these are the land dwellers (terrestrial)
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What are the four subdivisions of the subkingdom amastigomycota?
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Zygomycota-mostly nonseptate
Ascomycota-septate Basidiomycota- Incomplete septate (don't completely compartmentalize) *Top three reproduce both asexually and sexually; named after the sexual fungal spores Deuteromycota* Only asexual -septate hyphae |
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Example of Zygomycota?
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Black bread mold (genus Rhizopus)
The sexual spores form zygospores, the asexual spores form mostly sporangiospores |
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Example of Ascomycota?
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Penicillin-genus Penicillium
Brewer's yeast- genus Saccharomyces The sexual spores form ascospores, the asexual spores form conidiospores (pinch off) |
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Example of basidiomycota
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Mushrooms, rusts (plant pathogens)
Sexual spores form basidiospores, asexual spores form conidiospores |
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Example of Deuteromycota
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Vaginal yeast and thrush (genus Candida albicans)
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List and describe the two subkingdoms of protists
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Algae-like plants
Protozoa- like animals |
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Characteristics of Algae
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Photosynthetic
most have cell wall flagella common many have eyespots (light sensitive) fresh and salt water main components of plankton some are terrestrial (rocks, soil and plants) |
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Characteristics of Protozoa
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Single celled
lack chloroplasts lack cell walls heterotrophic most are motile (pseudopods, flagella, cilia) Many have a 2 stage life cycle ( trophozoite, where they swim around, feeding; Cyst, where they hibernate and can survive harsh conditions) Both sexual and asexual |
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Nutritional requirements of photoautotrophs
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Light
CO2 |
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Nutritional requirements of chemoautotrophs
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Chemicals; inorganic compounds
CO2 |
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Nutritional requirements of photoheterotrophs
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Light
Organic Compounds |
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Nutritional requirements of chemoheterotrophs
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Chemicals
Organic compounds |
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Worked with fertilization, and concluded that it is the male and female parts that come together. Also studied mitosis, and argued that new nuclei can only come from existing nuclei
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Hartwig and Strasberger
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Vaccination during WW1 used bacteria that were present in host to make vaccines
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Wright
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~Whooping Cough; Discovery of factors in blood serum that destroy bacteria; Serology- Study of immune reactions in body fluids
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Bordet
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Discovers some strains of pneumococci mutate; Injected mice with live and heat killed. Theorized that something had transformed harmless to virulent
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Griffith
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Discovers blood agglutination and 4 majory blood types
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Landsteiner
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The cell nucleus serves as the basis for inheritence; Theory of heredity- Emphasized meiosis
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Weisman
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Studied fertilization; male and female come together; Mitosis- new nuclei can only come from existing nuclei; Coined cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
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Hartwig and Strasberger
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