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95 Cards in this Set
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Microbiology
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the study of living things that individually are too small to be seen with the natural eye
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2 types of microorganisms
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1. prokaryotes
2. eukaryotes |
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prokaryotes
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no nucleus
shapse: Bacillus, coccus, spiral ex= bacteria archea- don't cause disease. produce gases |
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eukaryotes
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have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
ex= protozoa fungi plants animals |
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when did Microbiology begin
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1673-1723
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first to see Eukaryote cells
and when |
Robert Hook 1665
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Robert Hook
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first to see eukarotic cells 1665
proved that all living things are comprised of cells = CELL THEORY |
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first to observe microorganisms
when |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1673 |
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cell theory
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all living things are composed of cells
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spontaneous generation
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1600-1860
belief that some forms of life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter not true |
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Francesco Redi
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1668
strong opponent of Spontaneous generation 2 jars with a piece of meat in each 1 jar unsealed - maggots appeared 1 jar sealed- no maggots appeared demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat |
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Louis Pasteur
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1860
disproved spontaneous generation proved that microorganisms are present in the air. |
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Pasteurization
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way to keep products from spoiling by heating product enough to kill and harmful bacteria
proof of biogenesis used in some alcoholic beverages and milk |
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biogenesis
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1858
living cells come from other living cells Ruldolf Virchow |
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who introduced Biogenesis
when |
Rudolf Virchow
1858 |
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Golden Age of Microbiology
dates and major establishments |
1857-1914- explosion of discoveries in Microbiology
began with Pasteur Robert Koch discovered that bacteria caused disease immunology found connection between food spoilage and microbes connection between disease and microbes |
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The Germ Theory of Disease
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1865- Pasteur
idea that microorganisms cause disease |
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Ignaz Semmelweis
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1840
identifies that physicians who did not disinfect hands transmitted diseases from one patient to another |
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Joesph Lister
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1860
applied the germ theory to the medical practice treated surgical wounds with Phenol (a toxic disinfectant) to kill bacteria greatly reduced deaths from surgery |
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Robert Koch
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1876
proved that bacteria caused disease developed Agar plate wanted to find the cause of anthrax in cattle. Koch's Pastulates |
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Koch's Postulates
(Koch's experiment) |
1. examined the blood of dead cattle and found a rod-shaped bacteria (bacillus anthracis) in the blood of cattle who died from Anthrax
2. cultured the bacteria 3. injected the cultured bacteria into healthy cattle 4. the healthy cattle now became sick and dies 5. later found that same bacteria in the blood |
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Cholora
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bacteria
disease/ sickness caused by drinking contaminated water |
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Edward Jenner
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1796
found that injecting people with Cowpox would protect them from getting smallpox first time that a living viral agent was used to produce immunity vaccination |
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immunity
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the protection from a disease provided by vaccination or by recovering from the disease itself.
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chemotherapy
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using chemicals for medical treatment
synthetic drugs- prepared from chem in the lab or antibiotics- chems produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms |
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Paul Ehrlich
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1910
used salvarsan to treat Syphilis |
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Alexander Flemming
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1928
discovered a mold that inhibited bacterial growth mold = penicillum discovered antibiotic Penicillin |
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Microbiology
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the study of living things that individually are too small to be seen with the natural eye
|
|
2 types of microorganisms
|
1. prokaryotes
2. eukaryotes |
|
prokaryotes
|
no nucleus
shapse: Bacillus, coccus, spiral ex= bacteria archea- don't cause disease. produce gases |
|
eukaryotes
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have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
ex= protozoa fungi plants animals |
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when did Microbiology begin
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1673-1723
|
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first to see Eukaryote cells
and when |
Robert Hook 1665
|
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Robert Hook
|
first to see eukarotic cells 1665
proved that all living things are comprised of cells = CELL THEORY |
|
first to observe microorganisms
when |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1673 |
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cell theory
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all living things are composed of cells
|
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spontaneous generation
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1600-1860
belief that some forms of life could spontaneously arise from non-living matter not true |
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cell structure of Prokaryotes
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no nucleus
have DNA no organelles cell wall with Peptidoglycan reproduce by Binary Fission |
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bacteria are differentiated by 4 ways
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1. morphology (shape)
2. Chemical composition 3. nutritional requirements 4. source of energy (sunlight or chemical) |
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basic shapes of bacteria
5 |
coccus (berries)
bacillus (rods) spiral spirochete (long spiral) vibrius (curved rod) |
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bacterial cell arrangements
3 |
diplo- pairs
strepto- chains staphylo- clusters |
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Gram negative cell envelope
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outer membrane- made of glycocalyx
thin cell wall (peptidoglycan layer) cell membrane |
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Gram + cell envelope
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thick peptidoglycan layer
no outter membrane slightly stronger than gm- |
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capsule
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type of outer membrane of gm- cells that is firmly attached to the cell wall
functions: contributes to virulence protects bacteria from phagocytosis attachment protects against dehydration smooth capsule causes disease rough without a capsule does not capsule disease |
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slime membrane
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type of gm- outer membrane that is loosely attached to the cell wall
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5 structures found outside of Bacteria cell wall
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1. capsule
2. flagella 3. Axial filaments 4. fimbraie 5. pili |
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Extracellular polysacchrides
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EPS
part of some capsules used for attachment ex= streptococcus mutans (plaque- given sucrose they will attach to teeth) |
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Flagella
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used to propel bacteria by spinning
found in Gm+ and Gm- proteins= H antigen |
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4 arrangements of flagella
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monotrichous- single flagella
amphitrichous- one on each end lophotrichous- 2 or more on ONE end peritrichous- flagella all over (e.coli) |
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Fimbriae
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smaller than flagella
can have hundreds per cell used for attachment Neisseria gonnorrhoeae e.coli (food poisoning) Syphilis |
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bacteria that causes Syphilis
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Treponema pallidum
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Axial Filaments
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similar to flagella
formed on spirochetes corkscrew movements ex= syphilis and Lyme disease |
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bacteria that causes Lyme Disease
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Borrelin burgalorferi
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Pili
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longer than fimbriae
usually 1-2 per cell used for DNA transfer between two cells e. Coli |
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Functions of the cell wall
3 |
prevents cell from rupturing
helps maintain cell shape contributes to cell's virulence |
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Gram + cell walls
and examples |
contains lipoteichoic acid (negative charge affects virulence)
thick peptidoglycan ex= streptococcus - most dangerous pathogens |
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Gram - cell walls
and examples of Gm- diseases |
thin peptidoglycan layer
periplasm- fluid filled space between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane outer membrane contains lipopolysacchrides no teichoic acids no peptide cross links endotoxins common examples= e.coli, salmonellae and other food poisonings |
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lysozyme
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defense protein/ enzyme in tears
digests and destroys peptidoglycan Gm+ cells are easily killed by Lysozyme means that most eye infections are caused by Gm- cells |
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smallest bacteria
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Mycoplasm
does not have a cell wall |
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cytoplasmic membrane
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aka plasma membrane/ inner membrane
all cells have this made of a phospholipid bi-layer + proteins functions: ATP production break down of nutrients and compounds |
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cytoplasm
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substance inside the plasma membrane
80% water contains primarily proteins/enzymes, carbohydrates , lipids and inorganic molecules major structures in the Cytoplasm DNA Ribosomes storage bodies |
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plasmids
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often found in bacteria
small circular, double stranded DNA molecules |
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Ribosomes
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main function= protein synthesis
can have thousands per cell prokaryotic ribosomes = 70S eukaryotic ribosomes = 80S |
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endospores
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help cells survive harsh conditions
only some cells have this |
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metabolism
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sum of all chemical reactions within a cell/ living organism
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2 types of metabolic chemical reactions
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1. catabolism
2. anabolism |
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catabolism
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breakdown of complex organic compounds
releases energy that drives anabolism |
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anabolism
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the building of compounds
requires energy (source is from catabolism) ex= protein synthesis and any kind of synthesis |
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Enzymes
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proteins that catalyze a chemical reaction
speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed (10^8- 10^10 times faster) the function of an enzyme is closely related to the shape name usually ends in -ase |
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turnover number
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maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to product each second
= how quickly an enzyme works |
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coenzyme
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an organic cofactor of an enzyme
ex= vitamins |
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apoenzyme
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the protein portion of an enyme
inactive by itself |
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haloenzyme
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apoenzyme + cofactor
a whole, active enzyme |
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4 factors that influence enzyme activity
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1. temp- inactive at low temp
high temps can denature proteins and stop reaction 2. pH 3. substrate concentration - max rate that an enzyme can work 4. inhibitors- competitive (fill the active site) or non-competitive ( interact with another part of the enzyme) |
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Ribozyme
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RNA molecule that acts like an enzyme
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3 methods of ATP generation
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1. substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation - involves the ETC and chemiomosis 3. Photophorylation- light energy to ATP |
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carbohydrate catabolism
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the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules to produce energy
2 processes cellular respiration fermentation |
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Cellular respiration
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all eukaryotes, many prokaryotes
molecules are oxidized (lose electrons) FEA is almost always an inorganic molecule bacteria can carry this out without needing Oxygen 2 types for bacteria aerobic- requires oxygen (all eukaryotes) anaerobic- does not require oxygen |
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Fermentation
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requires Glycolysis ONLY
produces only a small amount of ATP oxygen is not necessary uses an organic molecule as final electron acceptor Alcohol fermentation produces alcohol and CO2 as the waste products |
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ATP yield (highest to lowest)
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1. Aerobic respiration (36-38 ATP)
2. Anaerobic respiration (2-38 ATP) 3. Fermentation (2 ATP) |
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Pasteur
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disproved spontaneous generation
proved that microorganisms are present in the air (1860) |
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avirulent
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something that can no longer cause disease
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Problems with antibiotics
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many are toxic
with overuse, bacteria can become resistant cna kill normal/good bacteria in the body |
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2 men who discovered the structure and replication of DNA
when |
1953
James Watson Francis Crick |
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gene therapy
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inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective gene in human cells
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E. Coli 0157-H7
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Gm- cell
found in fecal matter of warm blooded animals causes food poisoning |
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oxidation
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loss of electron(s)
gives a positive charge |
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reduction
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gain of electrons
gives a negative charge |
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glycolysis
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splitting of sugar
oxidizes sugar does not require Oxygen but can occur when Oxygen is present |
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phototrophs
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require light as their source of energy
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chemotroph
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require chemicals for source of energy
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autotrophs
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use CO2 as their source of Carbon
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heterotrophs
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require organic carbon as their source of Carbon
|
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what is a Photoautotroph
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require light as a source of energy
require CO2 as their Carbon source |
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what is a chemoheterotroph
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require chemicals for energy source
require organic Carbon as their source of Carbon |