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70 Cards in this Set
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Henotheism/Monotheism
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Abraham practiced henotheism, worshipping only one god but recognizing the existence of other gods. Monotheism, the belief of only one god existing, arose from the defeat of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah and the God Alone movement
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Covenant
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the foundation of the Hebrew nation is a covenant (an agreement) originally between Abraham and his god. Later Moses changed this into a covenant between Israelites and the God of Moses
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God of Moses
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the formless and lawgiving god that entered a covenant with the Israelites
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God of the Prophets
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the universal god who judged the ethics and sincerity of Jews
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God Alone movement
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movement that arose from the defeat of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah that called for a change from henotheism to monotheism
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Upanishad
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philosophical treatises that were composed from the Rig Veda due to the coming of written Sanskrit and the increasing power of the warrior class. Took away the Brahmins monopoly on religion, which diminished their role in society, transformed the Vedic religion and caused the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism
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Brahma/atman
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Brahma is the serene and tranquil world being that breaths out atman (souls) into the material world and reborn until reabsorbed by Brahma
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Karma/dharma
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Karma is the desire for either good or evil that binds us to the material world. Dharma is accepting an individual’s assigned role in life
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Jainism
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religion that drew on the Upanishad and called for absolute passivity and nonviolence in order to escape karma
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Siddhartha Gautama
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the Buddha who believed anyone from any caste could reach nirvana through following his path
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Confucius (Kong Fuzi)
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Chinese philosopher who started a cultural golden age, which produced the foundation of Chinese philosophy. Promoted education, moral behavior, and the performance of ritual
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The shi
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intellectuals who replaced family as the government officials in Qin China
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The Five Classics
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Confucian document that stressed moral recital, personal character, and political responsibility while holding office. Considered a threat by the Qin emperor
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Laozi
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“Old Master,” the founder of Daoism who stressed doing nothing and accepting the natural order. Similar to modern day libertarians
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Daodejing
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The Book of the Way and Its Power, compilation of Laozi’s teachings
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Legalism
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philosophy that humans are naturally evil and required moral education and authoritarian control
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Shang Yang
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Qin minister who used the legalist philosophy to make Qin the dominant state. Divided the state into districts and appointed an authoritative ruler for each
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The Olmecs
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the first complex society in Mesoamerica located in central Mexico
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Maya warfare
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the Mayans were obsessed with warfare due to their obsession with blood in rituals. Ended up being their downfall
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Maya calendar
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part of Mayan ritual. As a result the Mayans became experts at mathematics and astronomy
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Teotíhuacán
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largest city-state in Mesoamerica. Located in central Mexico, this city would become the center of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations
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Sahel/Sudan
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Two regions of sub-Sahara Africa. Sahel is the coast south of the Sahara where some of Africa’s great commercial cities arose. The Sudan is the savanna between the Nile and the Red Sea where many of West Africa’s kingdoms emerged including Nubia
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Nubia
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Kingdom in the Sudan with the highest cultural development that greatly borrowed from Egypt
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Kush and Meroe
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Kush was the most important state in Nubia containing the capital, Kerma. Meroe was the kingdom most important in Nubia after Kush declined
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African iron smelting
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significant for the Nok culture of the Sudan who were the first to smelt iron in West Africa
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Age gradations/big men
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Age gradations were social groups derived from age in Bantu cultures. Big men were the leaders of the extended household communities that formed village settlements in African rainforest
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Bantu Migrations
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waves of rapid population movement from West Africa into eastern and southern Africa during the first millennium CE that brought advanced agricultural practices to these regions and absorbed most of the preexisting hunting-and-gathering populations
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the polis
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city-states in Ancient Greece comprising a distinct form of government and ethos
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Sparta as polis
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Sparta was a military state with an oligarch form of government. Could be described as a utopia, succeeded in eliminating internal strife through rigorous social discipline, military organizations, eliminating money, and cutting itself off from external influences
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Hoplite/phalanx
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Hoplites were Greek infantrymen. Phalanx was the standard block-like configuration in which the hoplites fought
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Athenian as polis
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polis characterized by democracy, a high importance on citizenship and ethnic superiority
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Athenian Empire
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Athenian imperialism arose from war with Persia and the start of the Delian League, a voluntary league for the common defense of Greek city-states. The League overtime became dominated by Athens who changed it from voluntary to compulsory
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Peloponnesian Wars
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great conflict between Persia, Athens, and their allies. While Sparta technically won the conflict, both city-states’ resources were destroyed as a result
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Cosmopolitan cities
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multicultural cities that emerged in Hellenistic culture and in which a new urban culture arose. Alexandria in Egypt was the model cosmopolitan city of the Hellenistic world
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Aśoka Maurya
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the third king of the Mauryan Empire who brought the empire to its height. Was a devout Buddhist who built stupas and claimed the right to rule through dhamma
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Bodhisattvas
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in Mahayana Buddhism, enlightened demigods who were ready to reach nirvana but delayed so that they might help others attend it
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Dharma
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a set of moral regulations that applied to all–including the priestly Brahmans, Buddhists, members of other religious sects, and even the Greeks
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Milinda/Menander
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a Yavana king who believed the Buddha was a god
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Stupas
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dome monuments marking the burial site of relics of the Buddha
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Mahayana Buddhism
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school of Buddhist theology that believed that Buddha was a deity, unlike previous groups that had considered him a wise human being
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Kushan Empire
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nomadic empire in south Asia during the time of Alexander’s empire. Culture contained both Greek and Hindu influences, and introduced equestrianism to India
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Sogdians
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a people who lived in central Asia’s commercial centers and maintained the stability and accessibility of the Silk Road. They were crucial to the interconnectedness of Afro-Eurasian landmass
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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
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book describing the whole world of commerce of the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean
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Palmyra
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Roman trading depot part of the Silk Road
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The Red Eyebrows
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peasants who painted their foreheads to imitate demon warriors and revolted against Han China. These peasants revolted due to natural disasters and were inspired by Daoism
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Qin Shihuangdi
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the first Qin emperor, defeated the remaining Warring States and unified them under a centralized empire
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“Burning of the Books”
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Qin Shihuangdi ordered the burning of books (excluding technical books) after standardizing Chinese script. Confucian works were viewed as especially dangerous
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Han Wudi
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Han emperor who brought economic prosperity and expanded the empire using legalist principles
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Imperial university
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college for classical scholars who would the shi, government officials
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Paterfamilias
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the head of a Roman family who had absolute power over his wife and children
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Regnum
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power in one person’s hands. Romans distrusted Regnum; this distrust led to the assassination of Julius Caesar and later emperors to maintain power behind the scenes and not hold official office
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Libertas
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liberty; preferred by Romans and the reason the Roman Republic was an oligarchy that divided power up
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Patricians
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city people who dominated political offices and were patrons of plebeians
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Plebeians
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farmers who rose in status and became the equites through war. Social tension between the equites and the patricians led to civil wars
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The Principate
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the Roman Empire; the emperor did not have an official office and had the title Princeps (first man of state)
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Roman allies
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after Rome conquered a city, the local elites were left in control and the city was an ally who had to follow Rome’s foreign policy and provide foot soldiers
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Colonia
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percent of land of a conquered city that was settled by Roman veterans. Caused intermarriage and Romanization
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Optimates
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political party defending the patrician dominated senate
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Populares
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political party favored senate membership of equites
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Pax Romana
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peace after the civil wars brought by Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar
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Imperium
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power that generals held to discipline troops. Julius Caesar claimed imperium to justify political power
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Res publica
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constitutional government that was created by the Augustinian Constitution
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Messiah/Christos
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the Messiah was the one Jewish prophets foretold would restore God’s kingdom. Jesus’ followers saw him the Messiah and called him Christos (the anointed one in Greek
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Paul of Tarsus
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follower of Jesus who, after Jesus’ death, traveled and preached, to both Jews and non-Jews, Jesus’ divinity (his resurrection). Reason for Christianity moving beyond a Jewish movement
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Jewish Christians
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Jews who believed Jesus to be the messiah
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Catholic Christians
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non-Jews who believed Jesus to be god (that he resurrected) and formed a network that became the foundation for the Catholic Church
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Donatists
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members of Christian movement in North Africa who survived persecution, opposed Constantine’s conversion to Christianity and did not forgive Rome for persecution
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Conversion of Constantine
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Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal to practice. Did not make Christianity the state religion; that would come later
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Augustine’s City of God
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work that argued two Romes: the doomed earthly city and a heavenly true spiritual city. Key to the debate between a small church of “true believers” and an official church
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Council of Nicaea
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council created by Constantine to define Catholic Christianity and to define heretical Christians
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