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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Electrolyte (ion)
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compounds when dissolved in H2O spearate into electrically charged particles which conduct electrical current
include: sodium (+) potassium (+) and chloride (-) |
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Intracellular fluid
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fluid inside cells
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Extracellular fluid
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fluid outside cells
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Interstitial fluid
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fluid between cells
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Intravascular fluid
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fluid in blood and lymph
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2 extracellular ions
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sodium and calcium
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3 intracellular ions
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potassium, magnesium, and phoshate
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Dehydration
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water deficiency disease
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Major minerals
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vital to health
require >/= 100mg/day |
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Trace minerals
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vital to health
require </= 100mg/day |
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Mineral Bioavailability
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how well an ingested mineral is absorbed by the body - dependant on many factors
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Essential Electrolyte Nutrients
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sodium, potassium, chloride
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Bone Builder Nutrients
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calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, fluoride
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Nerve Impulse Transmitter Nutrients
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sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium
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Blood Fortifier/Formation and Clotting Nutrients
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calcium, iron, copper
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Salt is...
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60% chloride
40% sodium |
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Optimal Blood Pressure
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<120/80
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Pre-Hypertension BP
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120/80 to 139/89
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Stage 1 Hypertension BP
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Systolic >/= 140-159
Diastolic >/= 90-99 |
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Hypokalemia
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low blood potassium
irregular heart rate potential fatal weakness, fatigue, constipation @ risk: diuretics, eat disorders, and alcoholics |
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Hyperkalemia
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high blood potassium
slow heart rate and cardiac arrest @ risk: people w/ poor kidney function |
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Tetany
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continuous, forceful contration of muscles and failure to relax. due to hypocalcemia or abnormal calcium metabolism
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Osteoblast
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bone building cells
active in growth years |
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Osteoclast
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bone cells on surface that dissolves bone
active in older years |
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Cortical Bone
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outer dense shell of bones
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Trabecular Bone
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hard, spongy network or rods, plates, and needlelike spines of bone that add strength w/out weight.
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Bone type most effected by Osteoperosis?
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Trabecular
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Osteoperosis
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bone disease characterized by a reduction in bone density
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Hemoglobin
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Fe containing protien in red blood cells that transports oxygen to body tissue and back to lungs
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Myoglobin
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Fe containing protien that transfers oxygen from red blood cells to skeletal and heart muscle cells
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Heme iron
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animal foods
most readily absorbed |
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Non-heme iron
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plant foods
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Muscosal Block inhibits excess absorption of which 2 minerals?
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Iron and Zinc
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Microcytic hypochromic anemia
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iron deficiency anemia
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Hematocrit
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% of total blood volume comprised of red blood cells
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Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia (microcytic hypochromic anemia)
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pale skin
fatigue thin, brittle, spoon shaped nails |
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Groups at risk for iron deficiency
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all age groups (inc infants) up through adolescence
childbearing females and pregnancy vegans |
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SODIUM
Functions |
-positive extracellular ion
-maintains normal fluid balance -assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction |
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Calcium Absorption
2 factors that improve |
-acidic upper GI tract
-vitamin D -estrogen -lactose and glucose -low calcium status (inc need) -pregnancy/growth (inc need) -normal intestinal motility -parathyroid hormone |
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MAGNESIUM
Food Sources |
Chlorophyll - plants
whole grains/wheat bran legumes nuts and seeds leafy green vegetables brocolli chocolate |
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Osteoporosis Fractures
3 most common fracture sites? |
hip
wrist vertebrae (spine) |
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WATER
Functions |
-role in chemical reactions - as solvent, medium, and/or reactant
-transport of nutrients & oxygen -maintains blood volume and CV function -temperature regulation (sweat) -removal of waste -lubricant (saliva, bile, amniotic) |
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POTASSIUM
Food Sources |
Fresh fruits and vegis
bananas oranges/oj cantaloupe potatoes/tomatoes legumes/lentils leafy greens/spinach salt substitutes |
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Mineral with very high potential for toxicity - no physiological mechanism exists to prevent overabsorption
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Selenium
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CHLORIDE
Functions |
-negative extracellular ion
-maintains normal fluid & electrolyte balance -nerve impulse transmission -component of HCI in the stomach |
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POTASSIUM
Toxicity |
-Hyperkalemia - occurs w/poor kidney function
-slowing of heart rate -can be fatal if heart slows to stop = cardiac arrest |
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IODIDE
Defeciency Disease/Symptoms |
-goiter (greater enlarged thyroid gland)
-cretinism (stunted physical growth & mental development of fetus) during pregnancy - maternal needs take precedence over fetal needs -(Hypothyroidism = low basal metabolism) |
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CALCIUM
Food Sources |
-dairy products best (not cottage cheese)
-tofu (if made w/ Ca carbonate) -sardines/canned salmon (edible bones) -fortified oj, soy milk, cereal, eggo waffles, bars, etc -spinich (low absorption due to oxalic acid) |
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PHOSPHORUS
Functions |
-negative intracellular ion
-component of many enzymes, ATP, and cell membranes (as phospholipids) -part of bones and teeth (Ca phosphate) |
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CALCIUM
Toxicity |
(>200mg/day)
-occurs from excess in supplement forms -irritability and headache -kidney stones and calcification (calcium deposits) of kidneys and other organs -interference w/ absorption of other minerals (iron, phosphorous, zinc) -constipation |
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MAGNESIUM
Functions |
-positive intracellular ions
-cofactor for >300 enzymes (ATP) -bone structure/health & mineralization -aids cardiac and nerve function -intake meeting DRI may help lower BP |
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SELENIUM
Functions |
-antioxidant
-works w/Vit E to neutralize free radicals (adequate intake spares some of the body's need for vit E - prevents free radical damage) |
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FLUORIDE
Functions |
-strengthens developing teeth (enamel) to resist acid decay
-inhibits growth of bacteria to resist cavities (dental caries) -promots mineralization of bones (stonger bones) |
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IRON
Functions |
-energy metabolism (aerobic respiration) = most important function
-synthesis of hemoglobin -synthesis of myoglobin -immune function -cognitive development -many other important functions |
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ZINC
Deficiency Symptoms |
-stunted growth
-delayed/impaired sexual maturation -immune dysfunction -delayed wound healing -decreased taste sensitivity and loss of appetite -(Alopecia = loss of hair) -(Severe, even fatal diarrhea) |
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IODINE
Food Sources |
-seafood and saltwater fish
-iodized salt (sea salt not a good source) -molasses |
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CALCIUM
Functions |
-bone/teeth development & maintenance
-nerve impulse transmission -muscle contraction -blood clotting (need Ca) -reduce risk colon cancer -may lower BP @ DRI levels |
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COPPER
Functions |
-iron metabolism, absorption,transport
-component of several enzymes - those involved in connective tissue metabolism - collagen & elastin AND also antioxidant enzymes. |
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PHOSPHORUS
Food Sources |
-rarely deficient in diet
dairy products meats, fish, poultry, eggs whole grains nuts processed foods soda |
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SELENIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
-excessive supplement use
nausea vomiting diarrhea hair loss changes in finger and toe nails skin rash cirrhosis of liver |
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IRON
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
-microcytic hypochromic anemia
pale skin fatigue reduced work/exer performance impaired growth/cognitive dev poor resistance to cold temps impaired immune function increased infection risk thin brittle spoon shaped nails |
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FLUORIDE
Toxicity Symptoms |
(rapid toxicity - TUL 10mg/d)
nausea vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain cardiac/respiratory insufficiency mottling (spots on teeth - kids - chronic excess during tooth dev) |
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IRON
Food Sources |
red meat and pork
liver seafood especially clams legumes tofu whole and enriched grains/cereal raisins and dried fruits cooked in iron cookware |
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IODINE
Functions |
synthesis of thyroid hormones (regulates basal metabolism and promotes growth, development and organ maturation including brain. Especially important to fetal growth.
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ZINC
Functions |
cofactor many enzymes
growth and sexual organ develop immune system function wound healing taste sensitivity (acuity) |
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POTASSIUM
Deficiency Disease |
Hypokalemia
irregular heart beat - life threat @risk: use of some diuretics, eating disorder, unhealthy diets (low fruit/veg), alcoholism, athletes in vigorous training |
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ZINC
Food Sources |
red meats
seafood (especially oysters) legumes nuts whole grains (not part of enrichment process) |
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POTASSIUM
Functions |
positive intracellular ion
maintains fluid balance nerve impulse transmission muscle contraction (intake meet DRI may lower BP) |
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SODIUM
Food Sources |
processed foods
cured meats fast food snack foods - chips/pretzels canned vegi, soup, entrees cheese seasoning mixes/gravy pickles, especially dill soy sauce |
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WATER
Toxicity Symptoms |
dilutes electrolyte levels in blood
causes swelling of cells(espbrain) exceed kidney ability to excrete headache blurred vision muscle cramps eventual convulsions possible death (cerebral edema) |
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IRON
Toxicity Symptoms |
Children:
-very young large supplement dose can be fatal (60mg) -leading cause of poisening <6yr -supplements must warn -leads to GI symptoms, respiratory collapse and death Adults: -Hemochromatosis -nausea, vomiting, stomach irritation, diarrhea, liver disease, heart failure |
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ZINC
Toxicity Symptoms |
nausea
vomiting diarrhea loss of appetite intestinal cramps interferes w/ copper absorb impaired immune system caution when use as cold relief |
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WATER
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Dehydration
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WATER
Food Sources |
beverages: water, coffee, juice
liquid foods: soups, broths solid foods: fruits and vegis |
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SODIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Hyponatremia
headache nausea vomiting fatigue constipation irregular heartbeat |
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SODIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
heart disease stroke |
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CHLORIDE
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Unlikely
weakness anorexia lethargy |
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CHLORIDE
Food Sources |
table salt
seaweed olives rye lettuce |
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CHLORIDE
Toxicity Symptoms |
can increase blood pressure
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CALCIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
no disease
meet DRI may prevent colon cancer, kidney stones, lower BP high amounts may prevent accumulated body fat |
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PHOSPHORUS
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
bone loss
decreased growth poor tooth development ricket symptoms in kids anorexia weight loss weakness irritability stiff joints bone pain |
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PHOSPHORUS
Toxicity Symptoms |
Hyperphosphatemia
calcium-phosphorus precipatates to form in body tissue poor kidney function is the common cause |
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MAGNESIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
irregular heartbeat
weakness muscle spasm disorientation nausea vomiting seizures increased risk of metabolic syndrome |
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MAGNESIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
diarrhea
weakness nausea slowed breathing eventual malaise, coma, death |
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COPPER
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
anemia
decreased white blood cell counts (leukopenia/neutropenia) skeletal abnormalities increased risk neurological disorders |
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COPPER
Food Sources |
liver
shellfish nuts seeds mushrooms soy products dark chocolate legumes whole grain products some tap water |
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COPPER
Toxicity Symptoms |
Wilson's Disease (genetic disord)
abdominal pain nausea vomiting diarrhea sever - copper in liver & brain: cirrhosis and neurological damage liver damage |
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IODINE
Toxicity Symptoms |
Hypothyroidism
autoimmune thyroid disease thyroid cancer |
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SELENIUM
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Keshan Disease - cardiac function
change in thyroid hormone metabolism increase risk certain cancers |
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SELENIUM
Food Sources |
seafood
meats cereal grains nuts (depends on content in soil where food grown or grazed) |
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CHROMIUM
Functions |
not fully known
may enhance insulin action promote glucose uptake into cells normalize blood sugar levels |
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CHROMIUM
Deficiency Desease/Symptoms |
weight loss
glucose intolerance nerve damage |
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CHROMIUM
Food Sources |
processed meats
liver eggs whole grain products brocolli mushrooms dried beans nuts dark chocolate |
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CHROMIUM
Toxicity Symptoms |
No TUL
concern on the high levels that some athletes are consuming. more studies needed |
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FLUORIDE
Deficiency Disease/Symptoms |
Dental caries (cavities)
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FLUORIDE
Food Sources |
fluoridated water
tea seafood seaweed toothpaste tooth rinse mouthwash |