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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Oral cavity |
Where ingestion and fragmentation occurs |
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Stomach |
Where digedtion is initiated |
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Small intestine |
Where digestion is completed (main absorptive process) |
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Must know |
Must know: liquid residue from small intestine progressively becomes solid as water is absorbed until it passes to the anal canal via elimination |
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Mucosa Submucosa Muscular is propria/externa Adventitia/ Serosa |
4 functional layers of GI tract from esophagus to anus |
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Muscularis mucosae |
Thin smooth muscle layer that demarcates upper lamina propria from underlying submucosa |
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Submucosa |
Layer of GI: loose collagenous tissue containing larve BV, lymphatic and nerves |
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Mucosa |
Layer of GI: made of epithelium lamina propria and muscularis mucosae |
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Inner circulae Outer longitudinal |
Smooth muscle arrangement in muscularis externa/propria layer (except stomach) |
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Inner circular Outer longitudinal Inner oblique |
Smooth muscle arrangement in muscularis extrrna/propria of stomach |
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Peristaltic contraction |
Function of Inner circularOuter longitudinal orientation of muscle |
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Myenteric/ Auerbach plexus |
Found between Inner circular and Outer longitudinal muscles |
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Adventitia/ Serosa |
Outer layer of loose areolar and adipose tissue containing major vessels and nerves |
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Enamel Dentin Pulp |
Layers of teeth from outermost to innermost |
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Enamel Dentin Pulp |
Layers of teeth from hardest to softest |
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Odontoblast |
Dentin is lined by...? |
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Dentinal tubules |
Carry dentinal substances from dentocytes |
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Gum/Gingiva |
Where root of tooth is embedded |
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Periodontal membrane |
This membrane lines cementum |
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Skeletal muscle |
Muscle lining of dorsal surface of tongue |
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Tastebud |
Found at lateral ends of circumvalate papilla |
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Papillary region |
Region w/c is anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
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Stratified squamous keratinizing to non keratinizing |
Lining of tongue |
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Sulcus terminalis |
Divides tongue into anterior and posterior |
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Lingual area |
Area w/c is the posterior 1/3 of tongue and has tonsils |
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Anterior |
Where is circumvalate papilla located in relation to sulcus terminalis ? |
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Circumvalate papilla |
Largest papilla and is between papillary and tonsilar region of tongue |
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Fungiform papilla |
Numerous at tip and sides of tongue and is mushroom shaped. It has tastebuds |
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Filiform papia |
Scattered everywhere, conical in shape and is the most numerous papilla of tongue |
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Follate/ Follicular/ Folic papilla |
Not fully developed papilla in human |
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Serosa |
At areas w/in peritoneal cavity, Adventitia is called...? |
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Tongue Oral cavity Pharynx Upper 1/3 of esophagus |
Propulsion of food is voluntary from where to where (say 4 things) ? |
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Interstitial cells of Cajal |
Pacemaker cells that initiates contraction of smooth muscle |
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Gastro-esophageal reflux |
Prevents reflux of food that goes into stomach |
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M- strat. Squam epith
L-scattered lymphoid aggregates
S-seromucous glands (abundant in upper and lower third
Mp- upper third: thick skelly musc Middle third:skelly and smooth Lower third: smooth musc
A-fibrous, lacks serous covering |
Esophagus
Mucosa- Lamina Propria- Submucosa- Muscularis propria- Adventita- |
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Chyme |
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food forms...? |
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Pylori sphincter |
Sphincter bet. stomach and small intestine |
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Rugae |
Folds of gastric mucosa |
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Gastric pits/ foveolae |
Gastric glands open into the gastric lumen via...? |
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Cardia |
Mucous secreting glands surrounding Junction of esophagus |
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Compound tubular |
Morphology of cardia glands |
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Branched tubular glands Secretes gastric juice |
Glands of stomach fundus and its function |
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Surface mucous cells Neck cells Parietal/oxyntic cells Chief/ zymogenic/ peptic cells Neuroendocrine cell Stem cell |
Cells of gastric glands (6) |
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Surface mucous cells |
Gastric gland cell that covers luminal seuface of stomach and Secretes bicarbonate |
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Neck mucous cells |
Gastric gland cell that is squeezes bet. parietal cells of neck and protects from gastric acid autodigestion |
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Parietal/ oxyntic cells |
Gastric gland cell that is most numerous in the isthmus and Secretes HCl and intrinsic factor |
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Terminal ileum |
Absorption of B12 occurs where? |
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Parietal/ oxyntic cells |
Gastric gland cell that has a fried egg appearance and an intensely acidophilic cytoplasm |
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Chief/ zymogenic/ peptic cells |
Gastric gland cell that has a strongly basophilic granular cytoplasm with zymogen granules and basally located nuclei |
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Neuroendocrine cells |
Gastric gland cell that secretes hormones including serotonin |
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Stem cells |
Gastric gland cell that are undifferentiated. At neck of glands and replaces all other cell types |
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Branched and coiled tubular |
Glands of pylorus |
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G-cells |
Neuroendocrine ells that secrete gastrin |
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Intestinal capillaries and liver; portal vein Intersinal lymphatics; lacteals |
AA and monosaccharides enter the___ and ___, thru ___ Reconstituted triglycerides enter the ___ thru ___, bypassing the liver |
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Duodenum |
Main function is to neutralize gastric acid and pepsin |
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Short tubular glands |
Glands of duodenal mucosa |
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Villi |
Contents of duodenal mucosa |
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Longest; Shortest |
Length of villi in: |
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Branched tubular glands (duodenal Brunner's glands) |
Glands of the duodenal submucosa |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: Chyme stimulates brunner's glands to secrete thin alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidic chyme and protects mucosa from autodigestion |
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Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer |
Muscle orientation of small intestine |
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Plicae circulares/ Folds of Kerckring |
Transverse folds of the mucosa of the ileum |
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Jejunum and proximal ileum |
Plicae circulares/ Folds of Kerckring is present in ___ and ___, |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: Lymphoid tissue becomes more prominent in the ileum because of the Peyer's Patches |
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Enterocytes |
Most common cell type in the intestinal epithelium (simple columnar) seen at the brush border and are the main absorptive cells |
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Goblet cells |
Cells that produce mucin for lubrication and protection, scattered among the enterocytes |
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Paneth cells |
Cells found at base of crypts, has eosinophilic apical granules and has apical defensive function |
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Neuroendocrine cells |
Cells that regulate GIT motility and secretion (intestine) |
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Intraepithelial lymphocytes |
Mostly T-cell, responsible for defense of invasive organisms in the intestine |
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Absorption of water and salt from feces and propulsion into rectum and anus |
Principal function of large intestine |
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Taenia coli |
Three separate bands of longitudinal muscle layer in the rectum |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: Intestinal villi are no longer present in the large intestine but still numerous in goblet cells |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: Colon's lymphoid aggregates are smaller than Peyer's patches and found between lamina propria and submucosa |
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Columns of Morgagni |
Longitudinal folds of mucosa immediately above the anal valves |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: large intestine is inhabited by commensal bacteria for food degradation |
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Appendix a.k.a Abdominal tonsil |
Small blind-ended tube distal to the ileocaecal junction |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: mucosa of appendix is same as large intestine > presence of straight tubular glands or crypts line by goblet cells |
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Mesentery or mesoappendix |
Layer of appendix that contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves |
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Acute appendicitis |
Most common appendix disorder > severe abdominal pain at right lower quadrant accompanied by fever and GI symptoms |
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Rectum |
Terminal portion of large intestine; holding chamber of feces prior to defacation |
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4 cm |
Measurement of anal canal (in cm) |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: mucosa of rectum is the same as the rest of the bowel except that it has more numerous goblet cells |
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Branched tubular circumanal glands |
Glands at rectoanal junction |
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Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle) |
Muscle lining of anal sphincter |
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MUST KNOW |
MUST KNOW: At the anus: |
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Perianal glands of GAY |
Apocrine glands at perianal region |
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Smooth muscle |
Lining of internal anal sphincter |
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Skeletal muscle |
Lining of external anal sphincter |