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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Abilities are ____, ____, and for the most part ____.
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stable
enduring genetically determined |
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4 examples of abilities?
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visual acuity
reaction speed manual dexterity numerical ability |
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____ is the building block for a ____.
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ability
skill |
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Skills are ____ and ____.
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practiced
developed |
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3 steps to factor analysis.
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testing people with different tasks
measuring performance grouping into clusters |
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____ correlation of tasks within each factor.
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high
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____ correlation of tasks between different factors.
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low
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5 factors that influence ID
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age
gender intelligence experience disease |
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____ is dependent on performance.
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learning
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____ is situational, specific, and can be temporary
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performance
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Learning is...
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enduring change in the capacity to perform
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What are the 3 models for stages of motor learning?
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Fitt's and Posner's 3 stage
Gentile's 2 stage Bernstein's 3 stage |
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What are the 3 stages of Fitt's and Posner's model.
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Cognitive - large error, variable performance, not aware how to improve
Associative - fewer error, reduced variability, detect and correct some errors Autonomous - after intense practice, skill automatic, small variability, detect and correct errors |
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What are the 2 stages of Gentile's model?
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Getting the idea of the movement
Fixation/diversification |
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According to Gentile's, random practice would be better for ____ tasks, and blocked would be better for ___ tasks.
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discrete
continuous |
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What are the 3 stages of Bernstein's model?
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Freezing degrees of Freedom - few body parts allowed to move independently
Releasing and Reorganizing Degrees of Freedom - combining DF's promoting coordination Exploiting Mechanical Inertia - reduces energy cost |
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Power Law of Practice is basically ...
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practice makes perfect
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What is the Power Law of Practice linear function and what do the variable stand for?
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log(T) = -b log(P) + log(a)
T= movement time P = amount of practice a = intercept (constant) b = slope (constant) |
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Two practice conditions for Power Law?
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Amount of Practice - more learning if more practice
Deliberate Practice - experts |
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Pre-practice considerations?
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motivation
verbal information modeling |
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Variability of practice facilitates the ____ of the ____ for the motor skill.
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formation
schema |
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4 components to schema theory.
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initial condition
parameters movement outcome sensory consequences |
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2 types of schema
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Recall
Recognition |
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Recall schema involves what?
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movement production
relationship between parameters and movement outcome (accuracy) data points thrown away, rule remains |
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Recognition schema involves what?
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response evaluation
relationship between initial condition, environmental outcomes, and sensory consequences |
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What practice schedule is most beneficial to learning?
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random practice
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What are the two accounts for contextual interference?
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Elaborative Processing Hypothesis
Reconstruction Hypothesis |
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Elaborative Processing Hypothesis has to do with...
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each task component being distinctive and memorable, thus more meaningful in LTM enhancing retrieval
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Reconstruction Hypothesis has to do with...
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previously constructed action plans, reconstruction enhances link between components enhancing retrieval
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Serial tasks benefit from ____ practice, while discrete and continuous tasks benefit from ____ pracitce.
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part
whole |
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What is massed practice?
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practice exceed rest
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What is distributed practice?
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rest is equal to or greater that pracitce
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Whenever possible ____ practice is preferable to ____ practice.
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physical
mental |
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____ practice is better than no practice.
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mental
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Intrinsic feedback is from ____ like ____
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proprioceptors
vision, auditory, muscle receptors |
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Extrinsic feedback is also called ____
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augmented feedback
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Knowledge of Results provides information on the ____, while Knowledge of Performance provides information on the ____.
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movement outcome
movement pattern |
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____ is often descriptive but unaware to the learner
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KP
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KR can be ____ or ____.
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specific
general |
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3 functions of augmented feedback?
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informational
motivational associated |
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Which feedback function allows the learner to play with the parameters?
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Associated
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Which feedback function engourages the learner to achieve a higher performance goal?
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Motivational
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Which feedback function is about what to do next?
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Informational
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Name some negative effects of augmented feedback.
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can become dependent on it
blocking of intrinsic processing activities induces movement variability bad feedback |
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Why was the KR delay assumed to have degrading effects on learning but it is actually not?
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delaying the reward slightly, largely affected animal learning.
memory about movement decays rapidly Good because delaying KR enhances learners error detection capabilities |
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Instantaneous KR would involve no ____ and has been found to ____ learning because the learner is provided no time for ____.
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pre KR interval
degrade reflection on response |
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Explain a trial delay of 1.
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provided feedback on first trial after completion of second
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Explain a trial delay of 2.
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provided feedback on first trial after completion of third
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Explain the diagram for temporal locus of KR.
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Trial 1 - Pre KR interval - KR - Post KR interval - Trial 2
Inter Trial interval is the sum of pre and post KR intervals |
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Three scores of relative retention.
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Difference - beginning retention - end acquisition
Percentage - difference/ (end acquisition - beginning acquisition) Savings - retention trials needed to get back to highest proficiency of acquisition |
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Two theories of retention loss.
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Trace decay
Set |
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What is trace decay theory?
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passive theory of disuse
the less practice, the weaker the neurological trace |
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What is set theory?
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loss of bodily adjustments, no memory loss
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How do you improve effectiveness of simulators?
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provide more sensory feedback similar to that of the real thing
different versions of sim |
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When are simulators the most useful and why?
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early learning so the learner acquires procedural aspects of skill
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Advantages and disadvantages of simulators?
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+decreased training cost
+increased safety +convenience -to be more real can be costly -disparity between real and sim |