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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tests with the lowest likelihood of affecting diagnosis or management of syncope (4)
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CT head, doppler US, EEG, cardiac enzyme
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highest contraceptive efficacy (typical failure rate <1%) with the lowest cost
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IUD
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NOTE: Initiate treatment for dysmenorrhea without further evaluation,
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unless pelvic pathology is suspected.
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Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis
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ral antihistamines, topical antihistamines, and artificial tears; antibiotic treatment is not indicated.
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when should imaging be considered in the diagnosis of sinusitis
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immunocompromised patients at risk for unusual organisms, such as fungal or pseudomonal sinusitis
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NOTE: In patients with dental infections without cellulitis or systemic symptoms, antibiotic therapy is
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not necessary if dental intervention can be performed within several days.
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when is blood transfusion indicated
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symptomatic anemia, preop Hb <6, postop Hb <7; significant cardiovascular disease and Hb bet 6-10
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refers to the degree to which the investigators' conclusions (usually implying cause and effect) are supported by the study
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Internal validity
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refers to the generalizability of the study
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External validity
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the probability of detecting a difference between two groups when a true difference exists
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Power
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error is not random, but is applied differentially to one group
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bias
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bias that occurs when patients chosen for a study group have characteristics that can affect the results of the study
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selection bias
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a third factor that influences both exposure (treatment) and outcome
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confounder
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Two types of observational studies
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cohort studies and case-control studies
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study compares the outcomes of groups with and without exposures or treatments not initiated by the investigator
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cohort study
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study retrospectively compares the experience of patients who have a disease with those who do not have the disease
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case-control study
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patients with disease may be more likely to remember previous exposures
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recall bias
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study assesses for both exposure and disease at the same time point (rather than prospectively or retrospectively)
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cross-sectional study
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a report of clinical outcomes in a group of patients; the absence of a control group prevents any conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatment
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case series
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studies compare outcomes, in aggregate, of two different populations
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Epidemiologic studies
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erroneously assuming that population-level associations imply individual-level associations.
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ecologic fallacy
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quality sources of evidence (highest to lowest) (5)
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meta-analysis, qualitative systematic reviews, RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies
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summarize existing experimental or observational studies in a rigorous way
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systematic reviews
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Systematic reviews that quantitatively combine data
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meta-analyses
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research intended to produce evidence that can help patients, physicians, and policy makers better understand the effectiveness, benefits, and harms of treatments or procedures.
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Comparative effectiveness research (CER)
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NOTE: PPV increases with increasing prevalence of disease;
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NPV increases with decreasing prevalence of disease.
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relative comparisons in statistics
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relative risk, odds ratio, and hazard ratio
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reciprocal of the ARR
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NNT
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reciprocal of the absolute risk increase
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number needed to harm (NNH)
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an indicator of the ability of a test to detect a disease if it is present
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sensitivity
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reflects how effectively a test can exclude illness in a patient without the disease
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specificity
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ratio of the probability of a particular test result (positive or negative) among patients with a disease to the probability of that same result among patients without the disease
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likelihood ratio
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