Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
avulsion fracture
|
tendon or ligament pulls off part of bone
|
|
comminuted fracture
|
has more than 2 fragments, smaller fragments appear to be floating
|
|
Displaced fracture is also known as
|
overriding fracture
|
|
Displaced fracture
|
displaced fracture fragment that is overridingthe other bone fragment. Ther periosteum is disrupted on both sides
|
|
Greenstick fracture
|
incomplete fractrue with oe side splintered and the other side bent
|
|
Impacted fracture
|
comminuted fracture in which more than two fragments are driven into each other
|
|
Interarticular fracture
|
extends to the articular surface of the bone
|
|
Longitudinal fracture
|
incomplete, fracture line runns along the lingitudinal axis of the bone. Periosteum is not torn away from the bone
|
|
Oblique fracture
|
line of fracture esxtends in an oblique direction
|
|
Pathologic fracture
|
spontaneous at the site of a bone disease
|
|
Spiral fracture
|
spiral along the bone shaft
|
|
Stress fracture
|
in normal or abnormal bone, fracture that results from repeated stress
|
|
Transverse fracture fracture
|
line of the fracture extends across the bone shaft at a right angle to the longitudinal axis
|
|
What is a fracture?
|
a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone
|
|
Fractures are described and classified according to...
|
type; open or closed; anatomic location on the involved bone, appearance, position, and alignment; classic names; also as stable or unstable
|
|
stable fracture
|
a piece of the periosteum is intact across the fracture and either external or internal fixation has rendered the fragments stationary
|
|
Stable fractures are usually...
|
transverse, spiral, or greenstick
|
|
unstable fracture
|
is grossly displaced during injury and is a stie of poor fixation
|
|
unstable fractures are usually...
|
comminuted or oblique
|
|
open fracture
|
tissue broken over fracture
|
|
term for fracture self-healing
|
union
|
|
first stage stage of bone healing and how does it move to the second stage
|
fracture hematoma - eventually converts to granulation tissue
|
|
when does a fracture hematoma form?
|
within the first 72 hours after injury
|
|
second stage of bone healing
|
granulation tissue
|
|
What happens in the granulation tissue stage of bone healing?
|
active phagocytosis absorbs the products of local necrosis. Hematoma turns to granulation tissue. Forms basis for osteoid
|
|
Osteoid
|
new bone substance
|
|
time frame for granulation tissue stage
|
3-14 days postinjury
|
|
what does granulation tissue consist of?
|
new blood vessels, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts
|
|
third stage of bone healing
|
callus formation
|
|
Callus formation
|
as minerals are deposited in the osteoid, an unorganized netowrk of bone is formed that is woven around the fracture parts
|
|
What is callus primarily composed of?
|
cartilage, osteoblasts, calcium, and phosphorus
|
|
When does callus formation usually start?
|
by the end of the second week after injury
|
|
How can callus formation be verified?
|
by x-ray
|
|
fourth stage in the bone healing process
|
Ossification
|
|
When does ossification occur?
|
from 3 weeks to 6 months after the fracture, continues until the fracture has healed
|
|
Fifth stage of bone healing
|
consolidation
|
|
consolidation
|
distance between bone fragments diminishes and eventually closes
|
|
radiologic union
|
consolidation
|
|
sixth stage of bone healing
|
remodeling
|
|
remodeling
|
excess bone tissue is reabsorbed and bone healing is complete
|
|
fracture classification accroding to location
|
tibeal plateau, tibial tuberosity, tibial shaft, lateral malleolus ... or... promimal, middle, and distal third of the bone
|
|
what helps bone to remodel?
|
physical stress
|
|
how does physical stress assist bone remodeling
|
new bone is deposited in sties subjected to stress and resorbed at areas where there is little stress
|
|
When does remodeling occur?
|
up to a year following injury
|
|
delayed union
|
bone healing does not occur within the expected time
|
|
nonunion
|
bone does not heal at all,
|
|
what can cause nonunion?
|
inadequate reducation and immobilization; excess movement; infection; poor nutrition; systemic disease
|
|
How can age affect bone healing?
|
healing time increases with age
|
|
possible tx for nonunion or delayed union
|
electrical stimulation
|
|
how does electrical stimulate bone remodeling?
|
unknown, may be t/t nevative electrical fields attracting positive ions such as calcium
|
|
Overall goals of fracture tx
|
reduction; immobilization; restoration of function to the affected part
|
|
reduction
|
anatomic realignment of bone fragments
|
|
what does nonunion result in
|
fibrous union or pseudarthrosis
|
|
malunion
|
fx heals in expected time but in wrong position
|
|
angulation
|
fx heals in abnormal position in relation to midline of structure (form of malunion)
|
|
Pseudarthrosis
|
False joint is formed on shaft of long bone. Fracture site that failed to fuse; each bone is covered with fibrous scar ts.
|
|
refracture
|
new fx that occurs at original fx site
|
|
myositis ossificans
|
Soft ts hematoma ossifies
|