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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cartilage
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- Type of connective tissue composed of a chondril (elastic matrix) secreted by chondrocytes
- avascular and devoid of nerves -receives nutrients by capillaries of nearby connective tissue and bone via diffusion |
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Bone
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- mineralized connective tissue
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Compact bone
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- dense bone matrix
- contains hydroxyapatite crystals |
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Spongy bone
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- less dense bone
- has spicule latice with yellow and/or red bone marrow filled between spicules |
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yellow bone marrow
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- inactive
- contains adipose tissue |
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red bone marrow
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- for red blood cell formation
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long bones
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- have fiaphysis and epiphyses
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diaphysis
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- in long bone
- mostly compact bone surrounding a cavity of bone marrow |
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epiphyses
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- in long bone
- composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone |
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epiphyseal plate
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- disk of cartilaginous cells separating diaphysis from the epiphysis
- site of longitudinal growth |
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periosteum
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- fibrous sheath surrounding long bone
- site of attachment to muscle tissue - some periosteum cells differentiate into bone-forming cells |
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structural units of the bone matrix
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- osteons (Haversian systems)
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haversian canal
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- channel in each osteon for blood vessels and nerve fibers and lymph
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lamellae
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concentric circles surrounding each haversian canal in an osteon
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lacunae
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spaces in the matrix which house mature bone cells (osteocytes)
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osteocytes
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- mature bone cells
- involved in bone maintenance |
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canaliculi
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- small canals the interconnect with each other and with the Hacersian canals
- allow for exchange of nutrients and wastes |
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osteoblasts
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- build bone
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osteoclasts
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- destroy bone in bone resorption
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endochondral ossification
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- process of bone formation
- existing cartilage is replaced by bone - long bone is made this way |
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intramembranous ossification
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- process of bone formation
- mesenchymal connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone |
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joints
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connective tissue structures that join bones together
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skeletal muscle
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- innervated by somatic nervous system
- mutlinucleated - voluntary - Ca2+ required for contraction |
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Cardiac muscle
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- striated
- involuntary - innervated by autonomic nervous system - 1-2 nuclei per cell - Ca2+ for contraction - myogenic activity (contract without nervous stimuli |
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Smooth muscle
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- non-striated
- involuntary - autonomic innervation - one nucleus per cell - Ca+ for contraction - slower, sustained contractions - inhibitory and excitatory synapses - myogenic activity (contract without nervous stimuli) |
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bone reformation
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inorganic ions are absorbed from the blood for use in bone formation
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bone resorption
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- bone degradation
- inorganic ions are released into the blood |
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red muscle fibers
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- slow-twitch
- high myoblobin content - lots of mitochondria |
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white muscle fibers
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- fast-twitch muscle
- low myoglobin content - less mitochondria - anaerobic - greater rate of contraction - fatigue easily |
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Bands that shorter during contraction
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H zone and I band
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Z line
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define boundaries of a single sarcomere
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M line
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- runs down center of sarcomere
- contains myosin |
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I band
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thin filaments only
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A band
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spans entire length of thick filaments and overlapping protions of thin filaments
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troponin
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- Ca2+ binds troponin causing myosin-binding sites to be uncovered
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tropomyosin
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- rope-like
- associates with myosin fibrils - blocks myosin-binding sites |
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ATPase activity
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- resting stage: ATP is hydrolyzed
- Ca2+ binds to troponin and myosin binds to actin - powerstroke: sarcomere contracts - ADP + Pi are released - New ATP binds to myosin, causing detachment of myosin from actin and relaxation |
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all-or-none response
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- individual muslce fibers exhibit all-or-none response
- strenght of contraction of a single muscle fiber cannot be increased regardless of stimulus strength |
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increasing strength of contraction
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- strength of contraction can increase only when the number of fibers involved increase
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tonus
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continula low-grade contractions of muscle (even at rest)
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simple twitch
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- the response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above threshold stimulus
- consists of a latent, contraction, and relaxation period |
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latent period
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- time between stimulation and onset of contraction
- lag time in which action potential spreads along sarcolema and Ca2+ are released |
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contraction period
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- muscles contract
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relaxation period
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- period of refraction (absolute and relative) in which the muscle is unresponsive or less response to a stilumus
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absolute refractory period
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- during relaxation period
- muscle is unresponsive to stimuli |
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relative refractory period
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- during relaxation period
- takes a greater-than-normal stimulus to elicit another contraction |
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summation
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- conbination of contractions in response to a frequent stimuli
- contraction becomes stronger and prolonged |
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tetanus
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- stronger than a simple twitch
- contractions are continuous and muscle cannot relax - eventual fatigue |
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myogenic
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- when muscle contracts in the absence of nerve stimuli
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creatine phosphate
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- energy storage
- creatine phosphate + ADP = ATP + creatine - creatine + ATP = creatine + ADP |
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loose connective tissue
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- throughout body
- binds wpitehlium to underlying tissues - packaging material - holds organs in place |
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3 proteinacious fibers in loose connective tissue
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collagenous fibers
elastic fivers reticular fibers |
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collagenous fibers
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- made of collagen
- give tensile strength |
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elastic fibers
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- made of elastin
- give resilience |
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reticular fibers
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- branched, tightly woven
- join connective tissue to adjoining tissue |
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fibroblasts
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- secrete substances that are components of extracellular fibers
- cell found in connective tissue |
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macrophages
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- engulf bacteria and dead cells
- cell found in connective tissue |
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dense connective tissue
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- more collagenous fibers
- form tendons and ligaments |
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tendons
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attach muscle to bone
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ligaments
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attach bone to bone
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origin
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location where end of muscle attaches to the stationary bone
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proximal end
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location of origin in limb muscles
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insertion
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end of muscle attached to the bone that moves during contraction
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distal end
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location of insertion in limb muscles
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synergistic muscles
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assiste the principal muscles during movement
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flexor muscles
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contract to decrease angle of a joint
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extensor muscles
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contract to straighten the joint
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abductor
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moves a part of the body away from body's midline
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adductor
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moves a part of the body toward the midline
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Contrast the means by which chondrocytes and osteocytes are nourished.
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- Chondrocytes are vascularized and are nourished via diffusion of nutrients from adjacent blood vessels
- osteocytes receive nutrients directly from circulatory system via Hacersian canals |
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Two processes involved in bone formation. How do they differ?
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- endochondral ossification: cartilage is replaced by bone
- intramembranous ossification: mesenchymal cells are transformed into bone cells |
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Which type of muscle has myogenic activity?
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smooth muscle and cardia muscle
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Periosteum
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- serves as the site of attachment of bone to muscle
- cells of periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts - is a fibrous sheath that surrounds long bones |