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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
human movement system
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the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
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nervous system
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a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body
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sensory function
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the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
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integrative function
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the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response
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motor function
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the neuromuscular response to the sensory information
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proprioception
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the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement
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neuron
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the functional unit of the nervous system
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sensory (afferent) neurons
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transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
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interneurons
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transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
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motor (efferent) neurons
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transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
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central nervous system
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the portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
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mechanoreceptors
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sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissue
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muscle spindles
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receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
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Golgi tendon organs
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receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
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Joint Receptors
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Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
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skeletal system
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the body's framework , composed of bones and joints
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bones
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provide a resting ground for muscles and protection for vital organs
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joints
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junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs
aka articulation |
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axial skeleton
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portion of the skeletal system, that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
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appendicular skeleton
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portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
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remodeling
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the process of resorption and formation of bone
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osteoclasts
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a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
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osteoblasts
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a type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
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long bone
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long, cylindrical shaft and irregular or widened ends
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short bones
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similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
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flat bones
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thin, protective
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irregular bones
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unique shape and function
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sesamoid bones
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small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in location where a tendon passes over a joint
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epiphysis
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the end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth
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diaphysis
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the shaft portion of the long bone
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epiphyseal plate
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the region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs
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periosteum
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A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrance
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medullar cavity
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the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
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articular (hyaline) cartilage
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cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
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depressions
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flattened r indented portions of bones, which can be muscle attachment sites
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processes
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projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
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vertebral column
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a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
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cervical spine
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first seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column
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thoracic spine
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twelve vertebrae located in the upper/middle back behind the ribs
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lumbar spine
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five vertebrae of the low back below the thoracic spine
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sacrum
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triangular bone located below the lumbar
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coccyx
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located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone
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arthrokinematics
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joint motion
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synovial joints
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joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
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nonsynovial joints
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joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
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gliding joints
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no axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back-and-forth
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Condyloid joint
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formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane
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hinge joint
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uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)
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saddle joints
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one bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thumb frontal)
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pivot joints
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only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse)
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ball-and-socket
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most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion
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ligament
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primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
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muscular system
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series of muscles that move the skeleton
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epimysium
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a layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
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perimysium
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the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
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endomysium
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the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
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tendons
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connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
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sarcomere
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the function unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
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neural activation
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the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
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motor unit
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a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
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Sliding Filament Theory
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Describes how thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening muscle and producing force
1. a sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together 2. The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber |
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excitation-contraction coupling
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the process of neural stimulation creating a muscle contraction
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the "all or nothing" law
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motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all
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type I muscle fibers
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- slow-twitch
- more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin - increased oxygen delivery - smaller in size - less force produces - slow to fatigue - long-term contractions (stabilization) |
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type II muscle fibers
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-fast-twitch
-fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin - decreased oxygen delivery - larger in size - more force produced - quick to fatigue -short-term contractions (force and power) |
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Agonist muscles
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prime mover
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synergist muscle
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assist prime mover
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stabilizer muscle
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stabilize while prime mover and synergist work
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antagonist muscle
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oppose prime mover
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