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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Interact to control most of the body functions Both systems arecommunication systems that receive and deliver messages throughout the body. |
The nervous andendocrine systems |
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a change in the environmentthat elicit a response |
stimulus. |
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no need to think about the reactions. |
automatic. |
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Encompasses elements within the animalorganism concerned with |
• Reception of stimuli• Transmission of nerve impulses• Activation of muscle mechanisms |
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consists of majorglands in the body that produce chemical messages called hormones that regulate certain body activities. |
Endocrine System |
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nerve cells form a network capableof mediating only a relatively stereotyped response |
Jellyfish |
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cerebral ganglion, a main nervecord and branching pairs of lateral nerves |
Earthworm- |
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cell bodies of neurons organized incluster, cerebral ganglia, that acts a a primitive brain, controlling and coordinating various basic functions |
Insects- |
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• Includes the brain and spinal cord • Seat of complex brain functions such as memory, intelligence, learning and emotion (love, hate fear, anger, elation and sadness) • Receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and from the external environment. |
Central nervous system |
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controlseverything in the body. |
The brain |
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weight of the brain |
1.3kg |
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neurons in brain |
100B neurons |
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protects the brain |
skull. |
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outermostmembrane, the toughest and the thickest |
Dura matter- |
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middlemembrane below the dura matter |
Arachnoid |
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the innermostmembrane consisting mainly of small blood vessels following the surface of the brain supported by cerebrospinal fluid |
Pia matter |
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important centers forplanning, learning movement sequences |
Basic nuclei |
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sensory information isanalyzed, motor commands are issued & language is generated |
Cerebral cortex |
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The brain has three main parts... |
1) Cerebrum 2) Cerebellum3) Brain Stem |
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controls thinking, memory, speech, movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs. |
cerebrum |
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coordinatesmovements, posture & balance− hand-eye coordination |
cerebellum |
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connects the brain tothe spinal cord. |
The Brain Stem |
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control yourheartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. |
The nerves in the brainstem |
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derived from themetencephalon, regulates the breathing center of medulla |
Pons |
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derived frommesencephalon, functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, conduction of information to higher brain centers |
Midbrain- |
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derivedfrom myelencephalon, controls breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, vomiting digestion |
Medulla oblongata- |
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is thepart of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system. |
The spinal cord |
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• Responsible for providing sensory (afferent) information to the central nervous system • Carry motor (efferent) commands out to the body’s tissues |
Peripheral nervous system |
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Includes all neural tissue outside of the centralnervous system |
Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system |
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carries the impulse for the sensation of sight |
optic nerve |
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carries impulses for the sensation smell |
olfactory nerve |
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motor nerve for four of six extrinsic eye muscle and for the elevator of the eyelid |
oculmotor |
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enervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball |
torchlear nerve
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enervates the muscle of mastication, carries the impulse from the skin of the face, eyeball and mucosa of the mouth, nose and teeth
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trigeminal
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motor and sensory nerve for external rectus muscle of the eyeball
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abducens
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motor nerves for the muscle of the face, ears and scalp |
facial nerve
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carries the impulses for the sensation of hearing
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auditory nerve
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carries the impulses for the sensation of taste and ouch, innervates the muscles of the pharynx and the base of the tongue
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glossopharygeal nerve |
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sensory nerves for vocal cord and lungs, motor nerve for larynx and alimentary |
vagus nerve
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major nerve for muscles of the pharynx and neck |
spinal accessory nerve
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motor nerve for the movement of the tongue |
hypoglossal nerve |
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• Sympathetic division-most active in times of stress • Parasympathetic division-controls maintenance activities and helps conserve the body’s energy |
Autonomic nervous system |
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• Responsible for fight or flight system • Arises from the middle portion of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar), joins the sympathetic ganglionated chain, courses through the spinal nerves and widely distributed throughout the body • Increase alertness, stimulates tissue and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations • Stimulated by adrenalin (epineprine) and inhibited by ergotoxin |
Sympathetic Nervous System |
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• The rest and repose system conserves energy and controls sedentary activities, such as digestion • Return the normal activity of the body after an emergency, and includes constriction of pupils, dilation of small blood vessels, inhibition of heartbeat, stimulation of the muscles and stomach • Arises both above and below the sympathetic, that is from the brain and from the lower part of the spinal cord (craniosacral) |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
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An automatic reactionwithout thinking and happens quickly in less than a second. |
Reflex arc |
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Carries impulses from receptors e.g. pain receptorsin skin or sense organs to the CNS (brain or spinal cord) |
Sensory neurons |
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Connects sensory and motor neurons and carriesimpulse between them |
Interneuron or Relay neuron |
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Carries impulses from CNS (motor output) toeffector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g. ADH |
Motor neuron |
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How does the Synapse carry the signal? |
1) Electrical current travels down the axon 2) Synaptic vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane 3) Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane 4) The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the signal to pass to the next cell. |
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classified fivesenses, continued to be regarded as the classical senses, although scientists have determined the existence of as many as 15 additional senses |
Aristotle |
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display a sense of balance bymaintaining their normal upright position, and their response to water currents indicates that they have a sense of touch. |
Sponges |
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have statocyststhat enable them to detect vibrations that pass under it through the sea bottom |
Jellyfish and sea anemones |
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have statoliths, grains of sand that theanimal itself places in a pit or closed sac |
Many mollusks, crustaceans and worms |
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have hair sensilla located almost anywhere in the body |
Mosquitoes, cockroaches and other insects |
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have more complicated hearing organs,tympanic organs |
Grasshoppers, crickets and many moths |
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is is also apart of respiratory system |
nose |
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Distinguished 4 gustatory qualities ofsubstances (sweetness, saltiness, sourness and bitterness • Determined by taste buds receptors, the number and shape vary with individual |
Taste |
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are located on the surface and sidesof the tongue, the roof of the mouth and entrance of pharynx |
Taste buds |
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arrangement of papillae at theback of the tongue with the angle pointing backward |
Circumvallate |
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The tongue is coveredby approximately |
10,000taste buds |
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sensations from the outsideof the body (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain sensed by skin) |
Exteroreceptors- |
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concerned with sensationswithin the body |
Interoreceptors- |
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receptorsin the muscles, tendons and joints, give rise to sensations indicating the position and movement of body parts |
Proprioreceptors |
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• Touch-nets of nervefiber surrounding the bases of hair (Meissmer’s corpuscles) • Pressure-Vater- Pacinian corpuscles, nerve-ending surrounded by specialized capsule • Heat-Ruffini corpuscles • Cold-Krause end bulbs • Pain-naked end bulbs |
Sensation receptors |
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endowed with specialized receptorsthat detect stimuli that man cannot sense |
Animals |
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is the adequate stimulus for visualexperience |
−Light |