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316 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
2 for 2 rule
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A guideline that can be used to increase the load when two or more repetitions above the repetition goal are completed in the final set of an exercise for two consecutive training sessions
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acceleration
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an increase in velocity
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actin
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one of the two primary myofilaments that bind with myosin to cause a muscle action
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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the universal energy-carrying molecule manufactured in all living cells as a means of capturing and storing energy
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age-predicted maximal heart rate (APMHR)
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the estimated maximum heart rate as influenced by age
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agonist
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a muscle that is shortening to perform a concentric action
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all-or-none principle
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principle that describes when a muscle cell membrane reaches or exceeds its electrical threshold to result in a muscle action
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alpha-blocker
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a drug that opposes the excitatory effects of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve endings at alpha receptors and that causes vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure
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alternated grip
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a grip in which one hand is pronated and the other hand is supinated
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amenorrhea
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loss of menses for at least three consecutive menstrual cycles
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amortization phase
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the time between the eccentric and concentric phases
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anabolic
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referring to the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
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anatomical position
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position in which a person stands erect with arms down at the sides and palms forward
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angina
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a pain in the chest related to reduced coronary circulation that may or may not involve heart or artery disease
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angular velocity
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an object's rotational speed
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antagonist
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a muscle, typically anatomically opposite to the agonist, that can stop or slow down a muscle action caused by the agonist
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appendicular skeleton
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skeletal subdivision that consists of the shoulder girdle, arms, legs, and pelvis
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arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 difference)
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the difference in the oxygen content of arterial blood verses venous blood expressed in milliliters of oxygen per 100 milliliters of blood
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assistance exercise
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exercises that involve movement at only one primary joint and recruit a smaller muscle group or only one large muscle group or area
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assumption of risk
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a defense for the personal trainer whereby the client knows that there are inherent risks with participation in an activity but still voluntarily decides to participate
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atherosclerosis
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a progressive degenerative process through which the interior lining of the arterial walls becomes hardened and inelastic
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atrium
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an upper chamber of the heart that functions to pump blood to the lower chamber of the heart (ventricle)
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auscultate
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to listen to the sounds of the body by using a stethoscope
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automated external defibrillator (AED)
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a portable device that identifies heart rhythms; uses audio or visual prompts, or both, to direct the correct response; and delivers the appropriate shock only when needed
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autonomic dysreflexia
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manifestation of a spinal cord injury that disrupts normal regulation of arterial blood pressure
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axial skeleton
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skeletal subdivision that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thorax(rib cage)
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ballistic stretching
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a type a stretching that involves active muscular effort and uses a bouncing-type movement in which the end position is not held
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beta oxidation
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a series of reactions in which free fatty acids are metabolized for energy for aerobic activity
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beta-blocker
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a drug that opposes the excitatory effects of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve endings at beta-receptors; used for the treatment of angina, hypertension, arrhythmia, and migraine
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bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
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a body composition test that measures the amount of impedance or resistance to a small, painless electrical current
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bioenergetics
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the energy pathways of metabolism
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bracketing
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a type of training in which an exercise or sport movement is performed with a lighter than normal or heavier than normal resistance
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bradycardia
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a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute
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breach of duty
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conduct of a personal trainer that is not consistent with the standard of care
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calcium channel blocker
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calcium antagonist that acts directly on the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels to cause vasodilation for the treatment of angina and hypertension
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cardiac output (Q)
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the quantity of blood pumped by the heart per minute expressed in meters or milliliters (SV x HR)
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catabolic
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referring to the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
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cerebral palsy
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a group of chronic muscoloskeletal deficits causing impaired body movement and muscle coordination
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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a condition of dysfunction of the pulmonary system (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma)
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civil law
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the system that applies to one's private rights and therefore to personal responsibilities or obligations that individuals must recognize and observe when dealing with others
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closed grip
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a grip in which the thumb is wrapped around the bar so that the bar is fully held in the palm of the hand
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closed kinetic chain
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a movement during which the most distal body part's motion is significantly restricted or fixed; often occurs with lower (or upper) body movements with the feet (or hands) on the floor
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complex training
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a combination of resistance and plyometric training
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compound set
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two different exercises for the same primary muscle group that are completed in succession without an intervening rest period
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concentric action
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action that occurs when a muscle overcomes a load and shortens
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construct
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a neural process that cannot be directly observed but must be indirectly inferred through the observation of behavior
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contraindication
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an activity or practice that is inadvisable or prohibited because of a given injury
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contusion
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condition in which tissue below the skin (muscle) is damaged but the skin is not broken; typically caused by excessive external impact
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core exercise
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exercises that involve movement at two or more primary joints and recruit one or more larger muscle groups or areas
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cori cycle
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a gluconeogenetic process, taking place in the liver, in which lactate is converted to glucose
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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a condition or dysfunction of the cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina)
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coronary risk factor
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a characteristic, trait, or behavior that affects the probability of developing cardiovascular disease
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criterion-referenced standard
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a method to compare data that involves a combination of normative data and experts judgment to identify a specific level of achievement
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cross-training
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a method of combining several exercise modes within one exercise program
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damages
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economic or non economic losses due to an injury
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deceleration
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a decrease in velocity
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defendant
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the person being sued or accused in a court of law
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diastolic blood pressure
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the pressure exerted against the arterial walls between beats when no blood is ejected from the heart or through the vessels (diastole)
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dietary reference intakes (DRIs)
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current recommendations for the intake of vitamins and minerals; replaced the recommended dietary allowances
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dislocation
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complete displacement of the joint surfaces
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duration
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measure of the length of time an exercise session lasts
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duty
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obligation to demonstrate an appropriate standard of care
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dynamic stretching
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a type of stretching that utilizes speed of movement and is specific to a sport or movement pattern
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dyslipidemia
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abnormal lipid (fat) levels in the blood, lipoprotein composition, or both
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dyspnea
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shortness of breath
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dystonic spasm
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brief recurring muscle contractions that result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal posture
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eccentric action
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action that occurs when a muscle cannot develop sufficient tension and is overcome by an external load, and thus progressively lengthens
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edema
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the escape of fluid into the surrounding tissues, resulting in swelling
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elasticity
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the ability of a muscle fiber to return to original resting length after a passive stretch
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electron transport chain (ETC)
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a series of oxidative reactions that rephosphorylate ADP to ATP
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end-diastolic volume
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the volume of blood from the left atrium that is available to be pumped by the left ventricle
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endomysium
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the connective tissue encasing individual muscle fibers
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epilepsy
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two or more unprovoked, recurring seizures
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epimysium
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the connective tissue encasing the entire muscle body
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excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
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the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the pre-exercise condition; also termed "oxygen debt"
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exculpatory clause
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an agreement explicitly stating that the client releases the personal trainer from any liability associated with negligence on the part of the personal trainer
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exercise arrangement
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the specific sequence of exercises within a resistance training workout
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exercise choice
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the exercises selected for inclusion in a resistance training program
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exercise order
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see exercise arrangement
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exercise selection
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see exercise choice
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false grip
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a grip in which the thumb is not wrapped around the bar but instead is placed next to the index finger
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fascia
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a fibrous tissue that envelops muscles, groups of muscles, and other soft tissue
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fascicles
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bundles of muscle fibers; also referred to as fasciculi or fasciculus (singular)
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fast-twitch (type II)
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a type of motor unit (and muscle fiber type) that is recruited for anaerobic activity
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feedback
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the knowledge of results or awareness of success or failure
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fick equation
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Q = VO2 % a-vO2 difference
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fiduciary relationship
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a rapport that occurs when person trusts in and relies on another (personal trainer and client)
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field test
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an assessment that is performed away from the laboratory and does not require extensive training or expensive equipment
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first-class lever
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a lever for which the applied and resistive forces act on opposite sides of the fulcrum
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five-point body contact position
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proper body positioning to maximize stability and spinal support in supine and seated exercises
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flexibility
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the ability of a joint to move through an optimum range of motion (ROM)
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fluid ball
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the abdominal fluids and tissue that are kept under pressure by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles to support the vertebretal column from the inside out
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force arm
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a line starting from and perpendicular to the line of action of the force, extending to the fulcrum
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forced repetitions
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repetitions that are successfully completed with assistance from a spotter
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forced vital capacity
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the volume of air moved that results from maximal inspiration and maximal expiration
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freestyle (front crawl)
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a swimming stroke with a straight and prone body position, an overhand arm motion, and a flutter kick
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frequency
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the number of workouts performed in a given time period (typically one week)
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friction
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the resistance to motion of two objects or surfaces that touch
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frontal plane
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a vertical plane that divides the body or organs into front and back portions
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fulcrum
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the point about which a lever pivots
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functional capacity
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the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization that is reached at maximal physical exertion; also referred to as VO2 Max
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general warm-up
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a type of warm-up that involves performing basic activities requiring movement of the major muscle groups (jogging, cycling, jumping rope)
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gestational diabetes
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the onset of a diabetic condition that occurs only during pregnancy
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gluconeogenesis
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the formation of glucose from lactate and non-carbohydrate sources
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glycogenolysis
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the breakdown of glycogen
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glycogen
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the stored form of glucose
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glycolysis
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the breakdown of carbohydrates (either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood) to produce ATP
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goal repetitions
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the number repetitions a client is assigned to perform for an exercise
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goal setting
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a strategy for increasing the level of participation or causing a behavioral change
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golgi tendon organ
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sensory organ lying within the tendons of the musculotendinous region that recognizes changes in tendon in the muscle
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grip width
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the distance between the hands when placed on a bar
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health appraisal
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process to screen a client for risk factors and symptoms of chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, and orthopedic diseases in order to optimize safety during exercise testing and participation
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heart rate reserve (HRR)
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the difference between a client's maximal heart rate and his or her resting heart rate (APMHR-RHR)
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high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
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proteins produced in the liver that contain the largest amount of protein and the smallest amount of cholesterol; when elevated, these contribute to a decreased incidence of coronary artery disease
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hyperinsulinemia
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high levels of insulin in the blood
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hyperlipidemia
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elevated concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins, or a combination of these
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hyperplasia
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an increase in the number of muscle fibers
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hypertension
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traditionally, high blood pressure at rest that is defined as >140/90 mmHg (either or both numbers)
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hyperthermia
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elevated body temperature
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hypertrophy
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an increase in the cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber
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hypoglycemia
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blood glucose level of <65 mg/dL
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independent contractor
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a self-employed professional who works within the confines of, but is not controlled by, another business or facility
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informed consent
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a protective legal document that informs the client of any inherent risks associated with fitness testing and participation in an exercise program
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innervation
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stimulation of a muscle cell by a motor nerve
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intensity
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the demand or difficulty of an exercise session that determines exercise duration and training frequency
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intermittent exercise
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several shorter bouts of exercise interspersed with rest periods
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isokinetic
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referring to dynamic muscle activity in which a joint moves through a range of motion at a constant velocity
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isometric action
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action that occurs when a muscle generates a force against a resistance but does not overcome it, so that no movement takes place
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karvonen formula
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a method to determine exercise heart rate that takes into consideration a clients age and resting heart rate
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ketosis
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high levels of ketones in the bloodstream caused by incomplete breakdown of fatty acids
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korotkoff sounds
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vibrations that are heard, through the use of a stethoscope, as a result of blood flow through a constricted artery
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krebs cycle
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a series of reactions that continues the oxidation of glucose, glycogen, or pyruvate to create ATP
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lactate threshold (LT)
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the exercise intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration
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lactate
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an end-product of glycolysis; most common marker to identify lactic acid accumulation
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lactic acid
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an end-product of glycolysis
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legal duty
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an obligation recognized by the law requiring a person to conform to certain conduct that reflects standard of care
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licensure
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the legal authority or formal permission from authorities to carry on certain activities that by law or regulation require such permission
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liftoff
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the movement of the bar from the supports of a bench or rack to a position in which the client can begin the exercise
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line of action of a force
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the line along which the force acts, passing through the force's point of application
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load
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the amount of weight assigned to an exercise set
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long-term goal
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a strategy of sequencing and combining short-term goals to reach the clients primary outcome
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low-calorie diet (LCD)
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a calorie-reduced yet nutrient-dense diet to achieve a caloric deficit
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low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
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proteins that transport primary cholesterol; when elevated these contribute to an increased incident of coronary artery disease
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macrocycle
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the largest periodization division, typically composed of two or more mesocycles
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maximal heart rate (MHR)
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the actual maximum heart rate
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maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
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the greatest amount of oxygen that can be utilized at the cellular level for the entire body
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mean arterial pressure
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the average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle [(SBp - DBp) % 3] + DBp
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mechanical advantage
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the ratio of the length of the moment arm through which a muscular force acts to the length of a moment arm through which a resistive force acts
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medical clearance
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approval by a physician indicating that the client is fit for exercise
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mesocycle
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a division of a periodized program that lasts several weeks to a few months
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metabolic equivalent (MET)
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resting oxygen uptake that is generally estimated to be 3.5 mL O2 x kg-1 x min-1
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metabolic syndrome
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any combination of three or more of the following unhealthy conditions: abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDLs, hypertension, and high fasting glucose
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microcycle
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a division of a periodized program that lasts from one to four weeks and can include daily and weekly training variations
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mitochondria
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specialized cellular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur
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mode
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the specific type of exercise or activity that will be performed during an exercise session
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moment arm
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see force arm
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motivation
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a psychological construct that influences behavior, commitment, attitude, and the desire to exercise
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motor unit
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a motor nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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multijoint exercise
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an exercise that involves movement at two or more primary joints
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multiple sclerosis
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an immune-mediated (autoimmune) disorder that is characterized by inflammation and progressive degeneration of nervous tissue
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muscle fiber
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the structural unit of muscle; also referred to as a muscle cell
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muscle spindle
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sensory organ within muscle fibers that relays
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myocardial infarction
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a result of the depth of heart tissue due to an occluded blood supply; also referred to as a heart attack
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myofibrils
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the elements of a muscle fiber that primarily consist of actin and myosin
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myofilaments
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two primary proteins of myofibrl (actin and myosin)
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near-infrared interactance (NIR)
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a body composition test that measures changes in the absorption of light at various anatomical sites; sometimes referred to as near-infrared reactance
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negligence
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the failure to conform one's conduct to a generally accepted standard or the failure to act as a reasonably prudent person would act under the circumstances
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neutral grip
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a grip in which the palm faces in and the knuckles point out to the side, as in a handshake
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normotensive
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referring to normal blood pressure
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norm-referenced standard
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a method to compare data that involves comparing the performance of a client against the performance of others in the same category (percentile scores)
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one-repetition maximum (1RM)
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the greatest amount of weight that can be lifted with proper technique for only one repetition
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onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
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the exercise intensity at which blood lactate accumulates faster than it is removed
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open grip
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see false grip
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open kinetic chain
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a movement during which the most distal body part is free to move; often occurs with lower (or upper) body movements with the feet (or hands) off the floor and typically involves pushing or pulling against a machine
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osteoporosis
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a disorder characterized by the demineralization of bone tissue that results in a decreased bone mineral density
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outcome goal
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a goal that is gauged by social comparison (desire to beat an opponent)
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overhand grip
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a grip in which the hand grasps the bar with the palm down and the knuckles up
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overload
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a training stress or intensity greater than what a client is used to
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overstriding
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a walking or running gait in which the foot hits too far in front of the body's center of gravity, causing a breaking effect
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overtraining
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a condition in which a client trains too much or rests too little, or both, resulting in diminished exercise capacity, injury, or illness
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oxidative system
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the primary source of ATP at rest and during aerobic activities
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oxygen debt
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see excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
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oxygen deficit
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the difference between the amount of oxygen required for exercise and the amount of oxygen actually consumed during exercise
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pace/tempo training
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a type of training program that involves an exercise intensity at the lactate threshold
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paraplega
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injury to thoracic segments T-2 to T-12 causing impairment in the trunk, legs, pelvic organs, or a combination of these
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parasympathetic nervous system
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a part of the nervous system that, when stimulated, slows down various systems of the body (decreases heart rate)
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PAR-Q (physical activity readiness questionnaire)
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an assessment tool to initially screen apparently healthy clients who want to engage in low-intensity exercise and identify clients who require additional medical screening
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passive warm up
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a type of warm-up that involves receiving external warmth or tissue manipulation (hot shower, heating pad, or massage)
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pennation angle
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the angle between the direction of the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscle's origin and its insertion
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percent of a 1RM-repetition relationship
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the inverse correlation between an assigned load and the number of repetitions a client can perform with that load
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percent of APMHR method
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a method to determine exercise heart rate that takes into consideration a client's age
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percentile
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percentage of scorers at or below the client's score
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performance goal
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a goal that is gauged by a self-referenced personal performance standard (clients desire to beat his or her own record)
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perimysium
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the connective tissue encasing groups of muscle fibers (fascicles)
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periodization
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the systematic process of planned variations in a resistance training program over a training cycle
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phosphagen system
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the primary source of ATP for short-term, high intensity activities
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plaintiff
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the "injured" person who brings a suit or complaint into a court of law
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plasticity
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the tendency of a muscle to assume a new and greater length after a passive stretch even after a load is removed
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post-ictal state
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the period immediately following a seizure
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postural alignment
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the proper body position in which the head is upright, the shoulders are relaxed but not rounded, and the pelvis is slightly tilted posteriorly to align the torso over the pelvis
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potentiation
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the increase in the activity of the agonist muscle caused by the reflexive response of the muscle spindles and the release of the storage of kinetic energy
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power (or explosive) exercise
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a structural core exercise that is purposely performed very quickly
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power
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the rate of performing work; force x velocity
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preadolescence
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period of time before the development of secondary sex characteristics, corresponding roughly to ages 6 to 11 years in girls and 6 to 13 years in boys
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process goal
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a goal that is gauged by the amount or quality of effort during an activity (the desire to demonstrate perfect exercise technique)
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program design variable
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an aspect of an exercise program that, when manipulated properly, creates a safe, effective, and goal-specific outcome
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progression
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the gradual and consistent increase in the intensity of an exercise program
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pronated grip
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see overhand grip
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prone
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lying facedown
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proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
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a type of stretching that involves a partner and both passive movement and active (concentric and isometric) muscle actions
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proprioceptor
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specialized receptors in muscles, joints, and tendons that relay messages to the central nervous system about body and limb movements
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proximate cause
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a cause that immediately precedes and produces an effect
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punishment
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any act, object, or event that decreases the likelihood of future target behavior (when the punishment follows that behavior)
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pyramid training
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a type of training variation in which the load is progressively increased in sequential sets with a corresponding decrease in the number of goal repetitions
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pyruvate
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a precursor of lactic acid during the final steps of glycolysis
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quadriplegia
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injury between the highest thoracic (T-1) and the highest cervical (C-1) segments of the spine resulting in impairment of the arms, trunk, legs, and pelvic organs
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rate coding
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the control of the motor unit firing rate (the number of action potentials per unit of time)
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rate-limiting steps
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the slowest reaction in a series of reactions
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rate-pressure product
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an estimation of the work of the heart (double product; HR x SBp)
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rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
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a self-rating system that accounts for all the body's responses to a particular exercise intensity
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recruitment
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the process in which tasks that require more force involve the activation of more motor units
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reinforcement
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any act, object, or event that increases the likelihood of future target behavior (when the reinforcement follows the target behavior)
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reliability
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an expression of the repeatability of a test or the consistency of repeated tests
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repetition maximum (RM)
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the greatest amount of weight that can be lifted with proper technique for a specific number of repetitions
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repetition (or reps)
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the number of times a movement of an exercise is completed
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resisted sprinting
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a method to increase stride length and speed-strength by increasing the client's ground force production during the support phase
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respondent superior
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a legal doctrine by which employers can be found vicariously liable for the negligent acts of their employees (personal trainers)
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rest period
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the time interval between two sets
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resting heart rate (RHR)
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the heart rate associated with the client's resting metabolic rate
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resting metabolic rate (RMR)
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a measure of the calories required for maintaining normal metabolism
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risk management
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a facet of the emergency plan designed to decrease and control the risk of injury from client participation and, therefore, the risk of liability exposure
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risk stratification
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a method to initially classify clients as being at low, moderate, or high risk for coronary, peripheral vascular, or metabolic disease
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rotational work
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the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object rotates
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safety space cushion
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the recommended area between each piece of equipment that increases traffic flow in, out of, and around the exercise facility
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sagittal plane
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a vertical plane that divides the body or organs into left and right portions
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sarcomere
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the segment of a myofibril between adjacent Z lines(bands), representing the functional unit of skeletal muscle
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sarcopenia
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muscle loss due to aging
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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highly specialized network system in a muscle fiber that stores calcium ions
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scope of practice
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legal boundaries that determine the extent of a personal trainer's professional duties
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|
second-class lever
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a lever in which the applied and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum, but with the applied force acting through a movement arm that is longer than that of the resistive force
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seizure
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an uncontrolled electrical discharge within any part of the brain, causing physical or mental symptoms that may or may not be associated with convulsions
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self-determination
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a desire to participate in an activity for self-fulfillment as opposed to trying to meet the expectations of others
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self-efficacy
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a perceived self-confidence in one's own ability to perform specific actions (reach a short-term goal) that lead to a successful outcome
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self-talk
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a client's "internal voice"
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series elastic component (SEC)
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the structures that, when stretched, have the ability to store energy that may be released upon a concentric muscle action
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set
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a group of repetitions that are performed consecutively
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short-term goal
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a strategy of establishing an attainable step that brings the client closer to reaching the long term goal
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single-joint exercise
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an exercise that involves movement at only one primary joint
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size principle
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the recruitment of larger and more motor units as a response to an increased force requirement
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slow-twitch (type I)
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a type of motor unit(and muscle fiber type) that is recruited for aerobic activity
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spasticity
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a state of increased tonus of a muscle characterized by heightened deep tendon reflexes
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specific warm-up
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a type of warm-up that involves performing movements that mimic
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specificity
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a strategy to train a client in a certain way to produce a particular change or result
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speed-endurance
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the ability to maintain running speed over an extended duration (typically longer than six seconds)
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sphygmomanometry
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measurement of blood pressure using an inflatable air bladder-containing cuff and a stethoscope to auscultate to Korotkoff sounds
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split routine
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an exercise routine in which different muscle groups are trained on different days or training sessions
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sprain
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injury to a ligament
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sprint-assisted training
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a method to increase stride frequency by having the client run at speeds greater than he or she is able to independently achieve
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stage of readiness
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the degree or extent to which a client is ready to begin an exercise program
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standard error of measurement
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the difference between a person's observed score- what the result was- and that person's true score, a theoretically errorless score
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standard of care
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a set of criteria for the appropriate duties of a personal trainer; see also scope of practice
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state anxiety
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the actual experience of anxiety, characterized by feelings of apprehension or nervousness, that is accompanied by an increased physiological arousal
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static stretching
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a type of stretching performed at a slow constant speed, with a stationary endpoint
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status epilepticus
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a seizure lasting more than 30 minutes or a seizure that occurs so frequently that consciousness is not restored
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sticking point
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the most difficult part of the exercise that typically occurs soon after the transition from the eccentric to the concentric phase
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strain
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injury to a muscle
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stretch reflex
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the immediate contraction of a muscle caused by a rapid stretch of that muscle
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stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)
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the series of three phases that explains the mechanical and neurophysiological reactionsto a plyometric movement
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stride frequency
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the number of steps per minute
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stride length
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the distance covered with each step
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stroke volume
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the quantity of blood ejected by the left ventricle expressed in milliliters of blood per beat
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structural exercise
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an exercise that loads the trunk(vertebral column) and places stress on the lower back
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subluxation
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partial displacement of the joint surfaces
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superset
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two different exercises for opposing or antagonistic muscle groups that are completed in succession without an intervening rest period
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supinated grip
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a grip in which the hand grasps the bar with the palm up and the knuckles down
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supine
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lying down on the back, facing up
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sympathetic nervous system
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a part of the nervous system that, when stimulated, speeds up various systems of the body (increases heart rate)
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systolic blood pressure
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the pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction(systole)
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tachycardia
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a resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute
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target behavior
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a behavior that is the focus for change or improvement; also called an operant
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target heart rate range (THRR)
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the minimum and maximum heart rates per unit of time that are assigned for an aerobic exercise session
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tendinitis
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inflammation of a tendon
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test protocol
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procedures required for administering a reliable test
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test-retest method
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a strategy to promote reliability by repeating a test with the same individual or group
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tetraplegia
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see quadriplegia
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therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC)
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lifestyle modification that includes diet, physical activity, and weight loss
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thermic effect of food
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an increase in the energy expenditure above resting metabolic rate, caused by the digestion and assimilation of food
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third-class lever
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a lever in which the applied and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum, but with the resistive force acting through a moment arm that is longer than that of the applied force
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tidal volume
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the amount of air moved during inhalation or exhalation with each breath
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torque
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the tendency of a force to rotate an object about a fulcrum
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tort
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a breach of legal duty other than a breach of contract that results in a civil wrong or injury; may be the foundation for a civil suit to collect damages
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total peripheral resistance
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the impedance of blood flow caused by exercise, nervous stimulation, metabolism, and environmental stress
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trait anxiety
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the potential perception or probability that a certain situation will cause anxiety
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transverse plane
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a horizontal plane that divides the body or organs into upper and lower portions
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trial load
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an estimated load that is based on a percent of the client's body weight
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triglycerides
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a group of fatty compounds that circulate in the bloodstream; the predominate storage form of fat
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tropomyosin
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a protein, attached to actin, that prevents actin from binding to the myosin cross-bridges
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troponin
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a protein, attached to tropomyosin, the when activated shifts the tropomyosin to allow the actin to bind to the myosin cross-bridges
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type 1 diabetes mellitus
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a disease in which the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune process leading to absolute insulin deficiency; formerly known as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM)
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type 2 diabetes mellitus
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a disease resulting in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and an insulin production deficit of the pancreatic beta cells; formerly referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
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underhand grip
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see supinated grip
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understriding
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a walking or running gait in which the foot takes to short a stride, causing wasted energy
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undulating
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referring to a type of periodized training program that involves within-the-week or microcycle vacillations of training load and volume
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user space
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the recommended area that a client needs to perform an exercise safely
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validity
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the degree to which a test or test item measures what it is supposed to measure
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Valsalva maneuver
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the act of breath-holding that contributes to maintaining intra-abdominal pressure; the client tries to exhale against a closed throat
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variation
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a purposeful change of the program design variable assignments to expose a client to new or different training stressors
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venous return
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the return of the blood to the right atrium from the body(periphery)
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ventricle
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a lower chamber of the heart that functions to pump blood from the heart (right ventricle pumps to the lungs, left ventricle pumps to the body)
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very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
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proteins that transport primary triglycerides; when elevated, these contribute to an increased incidence of coronary artery disease
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visualization
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the ability of the brain to draw and recall mental images that can create positive emotional responses and improve motivation
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volume
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the total amount of weight lifted in a training session (total repetitions x the weight lifted per repetition) or the total number of repetitions completed in a training session (the number of repetitions performed in each set x the number of sets)
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waiver
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a contract that serves as evidence that the injured client waived his or her right to sue for negligence
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wolff's law
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the deposition of bone tissue (an increase in bone density) as a response to mechanical stress
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work
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the product of the force exerted on an object and the distance the object moves (force x distance)
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work-to-rest ratio
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the relationship between the duration of the exercise interval and that of the recovery interval
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