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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Atrophy
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A wasting decrease in size of an organ or tissue
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Contracture
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fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents a normal movement of a tissue joint
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hypertrophy
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An increase of size in an organ or sturcture, or of the body, owing to growth rather then tumor formation.
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myalgia
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pain or tenderness in the muscle
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Range of Motion
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the amount of excursion through which a joint can move measured in which a joint can in a degrees in a circle
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Ataia
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Lack of muscle control
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Flaccid
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relaxed
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Tense
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Tight or ridged
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Tone
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State of a body or any of its organs or parts in which the function healthy and normal, the resistance of muscles to passive elongation or stretch
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Traction
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drawing or pulling
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Two types of systems in our body?
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1. Skeletal system
2. Muscular System |
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How many bones are in our body and when is both growth compleated by?
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1. 206 bones
2. 20 years old |
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Bones help do what with the body?
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1. Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments needed for movement (working elements of movement)
2. Body's supporting framework 3. Bones are living organs |
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4 types of bones
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Long
short flat irregular |
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long bones
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femur-contributes to height and length
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short bones
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Perits movement of extremities and are clustered
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Flat
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structural contour ribs such as skull, ribs, throax, provide structural contour
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Irregular
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Vertebral column some bones of the skull
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What is the functon of the skeletal system?
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Protects vital organs, stores calcium, also participates in blood cell production (RBC)
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Joints
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A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.
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4 Classifications of joints
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1. Synostotic
2. Cartilaginous 3. Fibrous 4. Synovial |
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Synostotic joints
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Bones are joined to bones, no movement, sacrum
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Cartilaginous joints
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Little movement but is elastic and uses cartilage to unite body surfaces. Are found when bones are exposed to constant pressure
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Fibrous joints
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A joint in which two bony surfaces are united by a ligament or membrane
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Synovial Joints
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Freely moveable; Continguous bony surfaces are covered by articular cartilage and connected by ligaments lined with a synovial membrane
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Ligaments
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White, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissue binding joints together and conecting bones and cartilages; are elastic and aid flexibility and support; ome have protective funtion
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Tendons
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White, glistening, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone storng, flexible, inelastic
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Cartilage
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No vascular, supoorted CT in joints and in your thoraz trachea larynx nose and ears.
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Muscular system
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Produce movement, maintain body posture, regenerate the heat required for maintaining a constant core body temp.
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skeletal muscular ststem
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working elements of movement, muscles are made up of a group of fibers that conract when stimulated by an impulse, muscles associated with maintaining posture are short and featherlike in appearance becaue they converge at a common tendon, movement and posture are reguated by the Nervous system.
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Pathological influences on mobility
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1. Postural abnormalities-can cause pain, impaired alignment or mobiltiy or both
2. Impaired muscle develop-injury and disease; muscular dystorphy 3. Damage to the central nervous system, impaired body alignment, balance, and mobility 4. Direct trauma to the musculoskeletal system-bruises, contusions, sprains, fractures |
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Postural abnormalities
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Affect the efficiency of the musculoskeletal system
Affects body alignment, balalnce ,and appearance The nurse observes for body alignment and ROM Can cause pain Physical therapy may be needed Impaired muscle development |
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Damage to the CNS
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Motor strip in brain can be damaged
Trauma (head injury) Stroke Infection-meningitis |
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Direct trauma to musculoskeletal system
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Can result in bruises, sprains and fractures
Functions of the skeletal system Protect vital organs Aid in calcium regulation store calcium and release into circulation as needed Bone marrow Participate in RBC formation Reservoir for blood |
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Musculoskeletal System
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The assessment of this stystme focuses on determining range of motion ROM muscle strength and tone, and joint and muscle conditions.
Assessment especially important when patient complains of pain or loss of function in a muscle or joint As soon as someone wals in you assess them Frequently the musculoskeletal problems manifest from a nervous system disorder |
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Equipment needed for Musculoskeletal system
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Tape measure
Ganango meter (measure joint movements and angles) |
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Inspection
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When the patient walks into the room, the nurse observes his gait and the anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects of the patient's posture.
The gait is mor normal when he is unaways that he is being observed Have patient walk in straight line away from you then return-note wear of shoes watch for foot dragging, limping, huffling, and the of the trunk in relation to the legs Arms are usually swung freely at sides with head and fafe leading body The older adult usually walks with smaller steps and a wider base. Toddlers have a wider base of support when hey are learning to walk |
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Abnormal Postural Changes
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Kyphosis
Lordosis Scoliosis Osteoorosis DJD |
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Kyphosis
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Increase convexity in spine in the posteriod curve of th ethoracic spine, giving rie to the condition commonly known as humback, hunchback, or potts curvature. A permenent curing of th spine that makes somebody look hunched over
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Lordosis
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Abnomal exaggeration of convexity (curved evenly) of the lumbar spine-pregnant women and unsual inward curving of the spine in the lower part of the back, which may be medically significant
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Scoliosis
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A lateral curvature of the spine
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Osteoporosis
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Loss of bone that occurs throughout the skeleton, predisposing patients to fracures.
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DJD
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Osteoarthritis-progressive cartilage degeneration in sinovia joints and vertebrae (joint disease)
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Osteoporosis
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First sign is loss of height. White asians north american blonde or red hair with freckles famiy history mnopause before age of 45 constant dieting diabetes drugs that decreae bone density, smoking heavy alcohol use calcium intake of less then 500 mg a day.
Occurs in trunk as a result of vertebral frature and collapse Is a metabolic bone disease that causes a decrease in quality and quantity of bone With aging osteoporotic fractures of the wrist, hips and vertebrae are likely |
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Importance of Muscles
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with aging muscle mass is loss
Gross hypertrophy, atrophy Fasciculations, and spasms Size shoul be symmetrical Normal standing posture is an upright stance with parallel alignment of the hips and shoulders Even contour of shoulders level scapula and iliac creast alignemnt of head over gluteal folds and symmetry of eextremities Normal cervical throacic and lumbar curve head erect when the patien sits where is some degree of rounding of th shouders older adults may have a stooped forward ben posture with the hips and knees some what flexed and arms bent at elbows raising the level of the arms Look at extremities for over all size gros deformity bony enlargemnt symmetry and alignement There should be bilateral symmetry in length circulation, alignment and position and in the number of skin folds |
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What should you measure?
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Arm Lengths
Leg Lengths |
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Palpation
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Apply gentle palpation to all bones muscles and joints
Note heat, tenderness, edema, or resistance to presure. The client should feel no dis comfort when palpation is applied Muscles should be firm Put each joint throgh passive and active ROM Do not fore the joint if there is pain or muscle spasm Note pain limited mobility, spastic movement, joint instability, stiffness and contracture. Normal joints should be non tender without reness and swelling. They should move freely |
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What is a Goniomenter
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Measures precise degree of motion in a joint
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What is tone?
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Slight muscular resistance flet by examiner as the relazed joint is move through its ROM
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What is muscle strength?
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The patient performs maneuvers emonstrating strenght of major muscle groups; Ask patient to flex muscles
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Specific joints and muscles
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TMJ
Cervical spine Thoracic and lumbar spine shoulders elbows hands and wrists hips legs and knees feet and ankle |
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Additional Procedures
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Limb measurement
Knee assesment Hip replacement |
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Education:
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Correct postural alignment
Insturct about proper exercise program esp elderly calcium intake to meet daily allowance back support device instruct on use of assistive devices for those with self car deficit Documentation Give me examples Steady posture erect symmetry |