Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
GI disorder caused by abnormally weak contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter which reduces the ability to prevent reflux
|
GERD
|
|
A client has just been diagnosed with GERD and is put on antacids for treatment. What complications of the disease should the nurse worry about?
|
ulcerations and cancer
|
|
Term to describe difficulty swallowing
|
dysphagia
|
|
An acquired or congenital condition where there is blocking or narrowing of opening between the stomach and duodenum
|
pyloric stenosis
|
|
A 3-week old baby is admitted to the ER. During assessment, the nurse noted pain and distention on the baby’s abdominal area, the mom reported to the nurse that the baby has been vomiting a lot and becomes irritable most of the time. The baby is presenting clinical signs of:
|
Pyloric stenosis
|
|
A 65 year old client is having abdominal pain, distention, nausea and vomiting. The client is diagnosed with pyloric stenosis. The nurse would know that the client would be at risk for:
|
aspiration pneumonia
|
|
A condition where there is twisting, turning, and sometimes telescoping strangulation of intestines resulting to decreased blood supply of the involved segment and eventually tissue necrosis
|
Intussusceptions
|
|
A 16 month old infant is admitted to the ER for intermittent abdominal pain, distention, dehydration, and fever. The admitting doctor diagnosed the client’s condition as intestinal obstruction due to intussusceptions. One significant thing to know about the condition is that it:
a. Can lead to ulceration and possibly cancer b. Is caused by hyperthrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle c. Can cause bowel perforation and tissue necrosis which will lead to peritonitis d. Is not an emergency condition and that the condition would subside in 2-3 days |
C. intussusception is an emergency condition where there is intestinal obstruction that prevents fluid and food to pass through. It also cuts off the blood supply to the affected portion and if left untreated, lack of blood causes tissue of the intestinal wall to die. GERD leads to ulceration and cancer. Hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter muscle is a sign of pyloric stenosis.
|
|
A client is experiencing severe abdominal pain, distention, fever, and has a very low urine output. The client was recently diagnosed with intussusception. The client is immediately sent for emergency treatment because he is experiencing signs and symptoms of:
|
Peritonitis
|
|
A term that describes the inflammation of the GI lining that causes irritation then eventually ulcer
|
gastritis
|
|
An elderly client taking NSAIDs for arthritis is at risk for gastritis. The reason NSAIDs is one of the causes is that these drugs:
|
Reduce prostaglandin – which is a protective substance in the gastric mucosa
|
|
A 56 year old client is admitted in the local community hospital for abdominal pain, hematemesis, nausea and fatigue. The client’s health and medical history include smoking and a recent H. pylori infection. The client reported to have black, tarry stools and is also taking NSAIDs for arthritis. The client is at a high risk for having:
|
Peptic (gastric and duodenal) ulcer
|
|
A client diagnosed with peptic ulcer is about to go to surgery. The reason surgery is being done is to prevent:
|
GI bleeding
|
|
Two first semester nursing students are taking care of a client who’s experiencing severe diarrhea, cramping, fatigue and abdominal pain. They are trying to find out if the client is experiencing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. The nursing students should know that (select all that apply):
a. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation that only affects the sigmoid colon and rectal area while Crohn’s disease can affect any area of the GI tract b. Suggested causes of Ulcerative colitis include infectious, immunologic, dietary and genetics while Crohn’s disease is caused by an autoimmune response, a strong genetic link (family history = 30x more likely to develop the disease), and ethnic background (whites and European Jews) c. Severe diarrhea with bloody stools is common in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease d. Treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are the same (antibiotics, antidiarrheals, steroids, anticholinergics to decrease motility, surgical) e. Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are covered in the next pathophysiology exam and they should know the difference between each disease |
a, b, c, d, e
|
|
A client was admitted to the hospital for jaundice, nausea, vomiting, fever and fatigue. The client has a low arterial blood pressure and the client’s lab values show a low albumin level. The client was diagnosed with cirrhosis. What are the most common causes of this disease?
|
Alcohol and hepatitis C
|
|
One concern about someone who has portal hypertension is the formation of ____ due to an increase in venous pressure
|
Esophageal varices
|
|
Formerly known as serum hepatitis and transmitted through contact with infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles
|
Hepatitis B
|
|
Formerly known as infectious hepatitis and transmitted by the fecal – oral route
|
Hepatitis A
|
|
Type of hepatitis most commonly caused by transfusion and also implicated in infections related to IV drug use
|
Hepatitis C
|
|
Term that refers to the inflammation of the gall bladder and associated with gall stones
|
Cholecystitis
|
|
A client is admitted to the hospital for cholecystitis and presence of gall stones. The client asked the nurse what are gall stones made up of. The nurse (hopefully) knows that gall stones are primarily made up of:
|
Cholesterol – approximately 80% of gall stones are composed of cholesterol; the other 20% are black and brown pigmented stones consisting of calcium salts with bilirubin
|
|
A term that describes inflammation of the pancreas that may be caused by injury or damage to pancreatic cells and ducts causing a leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic tissue
|
Pancreatitis
|
|
A 45 year old client was admitted to the hospital for fever, hypotension, hypovolemia and epigastric pain radiating to the back. The client’s health history includes excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. The lab report shows an increase in the serum amylase level. The client shows clinical manifestations of:
|
Pancreatitis
|
|
Which client is at a great risk for having esophageal cancer?
a. Men over 40 years old b. People living in Japan, Chile, or Iceland c. People who are older than 50 years of age and have Crohn’s disease d. Person who has GERD |
D. men over 40 years old and people living in Japan, Chile, or Iceland are at great risk for stomach (gastric) cancer. People who are older than 50 years of age and have Crohn’s disease are at risk for colon cancer
|
|
Most common type of esophageal cancer that begins in the lower esophagus near the stomach
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
Type of cancer that occurs most frequently in men over 40 years old and may be related to increased intake of salted, cured, and smoked foods and decreased vitamin C consumption
|
Gastric (stomach) cancer
|
|
A 45 year old client who went to his primary physician for complains of abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite, and excessive belching and gas (flatus). Which diagnostic test would the physician order to determine the condition of the client? (Select all that apply):
a. CT scan b. EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) and biopsy c. ABG d. Upper GI series e. Urine culture and sensitivity f. Glucose tolerance test |
EGD and biopsy, and upper GI series are diagnostic tests used to determine presence of gastric cancer
|
|
A 56 year old client went to his physical for his regular medical checkup. He complains of abdominal pain, change in bowel habits and feeling constipated. Aside from ordering the client to go for a colonoscopy to determine the diagnosis, the physician would also assess for (select all that apply):
a. Family history of colon cancer b. Recent physical activity c. Diet (smoking, alcohol, vitamin deficiency) d. The client’s sexual activity e. The client’s pain threshold / tolerance f. The client’s sleep patterns |
Family history of colon cancer and diet (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, vitamin B6 deficiency) are risk factors of colon cancer. The client’s recent physical activity, sexual activity, pain threshold / tolerance and sleep patterns aren’t assessments related or appropriate to the current situation
|
|
Disease that describe the lack of nerve cells that enable intestinal muscles to move stool through the large intestine (colon). Stool becomes trapped in the colon, filling the colon and causing it to expand to larger than normal
|
Hirschsprung’s disease
|
|
A client who just had intra-abdominal surgery is complaining of abdominal pain, cramping and constipation. The client is receiving medications including narcotics. The client’s lab values show a low potassium level. The physician sent the client for diagnostic GI series to determine presence of:
|
Hirschsprung’s disease
|
|
A nurse in the pediatric unit is taking care of a client experiencing diarrhea. The nurse knows that complications of diarrhea include:
|
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
|
|
A condition where there is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus
|
Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
|
|
A condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch
|
Esophageal atresia
|
|
Classical sign of tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
|
Vomiting out of the nose
|
|
Developmental anomaly that’s caused by the incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process during the second month of development and commonly occurs under one nostril, but the defect can be bilateral and symmetric or asymmetric
|
Cleft lip
|
|
A disease that’s caused by a severe protein deficiency that causes the liver to swell because of inability to produce lipoproteins for cholesterol synthesis
|
Kwashiorkor syndrome
|
|
A disease that’s characterized by a deficiency of all nutrients with extensive tissue and muscle wasting as symptoms
|
Marasmus
|
|
Most common GI emergency in newborns that’s thought to be caused by reduced mucosal blood flow (ischemia leads to inflammation and necrosis of intestinal segments)
|
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
|
|
Mild abdominal distention to bowel perforation, grossly bloody stools and septicemia are clinical manifestations of
|
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
|
|
An immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains is defined as:
|
Celiac disease
|
|
A hormone that stimulates the release of cortisol, which regulates metabolism and blood pressure
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
|
|
A hormone that stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
|
|
Hormones that control sexual functions in males and females – also known as gonadotropins or sex hormones
|
Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
|
|
Hormone that stimulates milk production and female breast growth
|
Prolactin
|
|
A disorder of the endocrine system where there is excessive release of ADH that results in fluid retention and dilutional hyponatremia
|
Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH)
|
|
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism
|
Graves disease
|
|
Signs and symptoms of Graves disease include (select all that apply):
a. Restlessness b. Bulging eyes (exophthalmos) c. Fatigue d. Excessive sleepiness e. Constipation f. Anxiety g. Insomnia h. Modest weight gain i. Dry skin |
Restlessness, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), anxiety, insomnia are signs and symptoms of Graves disease
Fatigue, excessive sleepiness, constipation, and dry skin are signs and symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease |
|
An autoimmune disease that’s the most common cause of hypothyroidism and is believed to have a genetic basis
|
Hashimoto’s disease
|
|
In hyperthyroidism, the TSH levels are ____ while T3 and T4 levels are ____
|
TSH levels are low, T3 and T4 levels are high
|
|
Patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism typically have ____ basal metabolic rate and tend to have a ____ energy level due to fatigue
|
Low BMR and low energy level
|
|
A hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of cortisol
|
Cushing’s syndrome
|
|
Eric Cartman is admitted to South Park hospital for severe fatigue, irritability, high blood pressure and high blood sugar. The nurse did a physical assessment and noted that Eric has a rounded face, increased fat around the neck, purplish pink stretch marks on the abdomen area and the thighs. His mother told the nurse he’s also taking prednisone for chronic asthma. Based on the information gathered, Eric shows clinical manifestations of:
|
Cushing’s syndrome
|
|
In Cushing’s syndrome, ACTH levels are ____ while cortisol levels are _____
|
ACTH levels are high due to pituitary adenomas (tumor) and cortisol levels are high
|
|
An autoimmune disease where hormone deficiency caused by damage to the outer layer of the adrenal gland results to decreased production of cortisone and aldosterone
|
Addison’s disease
|
|
A condition when a rare tumor develops in the core of the adrenal glands and causes the adrenal glands over secrete too much catecholamines therefore raising blood pressure and heart rate
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
|
A client recently diagnosed with pheochromocytoma just got out of surgery to remove the tumor and is now in the ICU. One important nursing intervention is to:
|
Continually monitor vital signs especially the blood pressure
|
|
Hormone that controls water loss by the kidneys and increase water resoprtion
|
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
|
|
Type of diabetes where there is no production of insulin
|
Type 1 diabetes
|
|
Classical signs of diabetes are:
|
Polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger)
|
|
What are the diagnostic tests for diabetes?
|
Glucose tolerance test, fasting blood sugar
|