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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Membrane lipid bilayers consist of |
Phospholipids |
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Phospholipids
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Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of
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Detoxifiers |
Membrane proteins serve as
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Regulate fluidity |
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane structure |
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Outwardly away from the cytoplasmic matrix
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The carbohydrate moieties of the plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are oriented
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Cytoskeleton
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The cell structure that provides support and controls the movement of cell organelles
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Mitochondrion
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The organelle responsible for production of ATP
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Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
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All components of the electron transport chain are embedded in the
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Mitochondrion
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Which organelle does the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur
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Lipid synthesis
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The smooth reticulum is associated with
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Lysosome
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The organelle that serves as the digestive system for the cell
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Modulators
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Substances that bind with allosteric sites and alter the activity of regulator enzymes
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Activation Energy
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The energy needed to raise the energy of a reactant sufficiently to cause and exothermic reaction to occur is referred to as the
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Low affinity and Concentration
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A high Km means
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Fats
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Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of
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Amylase
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The name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch
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Mucus Enzymes Water
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What are the main components of saliva
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1.5 L or 6 cups
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The volume of a normal stomach when full
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50 mL or 2oz
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The volume of a normal stomach when empty
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Mucus
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The product produced by neck cells in oxyntic gland of the stomach that protects the epithelium from mechanical and chemical damage
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Parietal Cells
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Cells found in both the oxyntic and pyloric glands of the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
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Chief Cells
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Cells found in oxyntic glands in the body of the stomach and secrete pepsinogens
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Acts as a bactericide agent
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The function of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice is to
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Brush Border
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Most of the digestive enzymes produced by the intestinal enterocytes function at the
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Acinar exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes
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The pancreas is a digestive system organ with two types of active tissue, the ductless endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon and the
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Secretin
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The hormone whose major action is to alkalize intestinal contents by stimulating secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas and by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying
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Cholecystokinin
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The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is
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Hepatocytes
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Bile salts are synthesized in the
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Bile
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A component of digestion that is enterohepatically circulated
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Active Transport
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The mechanism responsible for absorption of nutrients into the epithelial cell of the villus that requires energy
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Butyric Acid
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A 3 short chain fatty acid created by gut bacteria that is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells
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Selected Fibers
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Prebiotics act as substrates for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon and are also
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Stimulation
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A major role of gastrin in the GI tract is
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Ghrelin
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A peptide that stimulates appetite
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Cholecystokinin Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Leptin
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Three components involved in satiety and suppression of food intake
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Starch
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The most common digestible homopolysaccharide existing as both amylose and amylopectin
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Monosaccharides
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In what form do carbohydrates enter the bloodstream
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α Amylase
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The key enzyme in digestion of polysaccharides
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Active Transport with sodium
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The main method of glucose absorption
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GLUT4
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The glucose transporter that is sensitive to insulin
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Water CO2 and Energy
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The major end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates
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Mitochondrion
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The organelle in which enzymes that catalyze the citric acid cycle are located
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Zwitterions
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Amino Acids with no net electrical charge because their side chains are not charged
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Limited protein synthesis
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A diet lacking in the amino acids lysine and threonine will result in
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Denature quaternary tertiary and secondary structures of the protein
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A function of hydrochloric acid during protein digestion
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Hydrolyzed Proteins
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The products of pepsins actions
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Duodenum and Jejunum
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Most amino acids are absorbed from the
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Oxidation
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The primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein, proving about 50% of the liver energy after a meal
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Liver
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The primary site of amino acid metabolism
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Conversion of glucose and Oxidation for energy and Production of ketone bodies
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What are the possible fates for the carbon skeleton or α keto acid when the amino group has been removed from an amino acid
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Phenylketonuria
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Genetic disease associated with the lack of the liver enzyme necessary to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
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Tryptophan
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Which amino acid is Serotonin made from
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Valine Leucine Isoleucine
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What are the branched chain amino acids found in systematic circulation
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Glutamine
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The amino acid that is very important for several metabolic pathways in enterocytes and is often added to nutritional mixes used for hospitalized patients
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Grains
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The food group complementary to legumes in supplying sulfur containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine
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No
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Is there a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for proteins and amino acids
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Neurotransmitters
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The brains uses amino acids for the synthesis of other N containing compounds such as
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Alanine amino transferase and Aspartate amino transferase
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Two aminotransferases that rise when there is and injury or disease in an organ
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Secondary Structure
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The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are examples of
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Carnitine
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The Amino acid made from Lysine and is needed for transport of fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane for oxidation
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Creatine
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Plays a vital role in energy production and is a popular supplement
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Choline
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Low intake of this amino acid is associated with inflammation
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Sodium
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Amino acids are dependent upon what to get into the cell
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Arginine Lysine Histidine
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Which amino acids have side chains containing basic groups
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Glutamine
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The amino acid generated in the muscles as a way to transport NH3 from the breakdown of branched amino acids to other areas of the body that need nitrogen or to be formed in the urea for excretion
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Increase
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During metabolic stress C reactive protein levels
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Arginine or Citrulline
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When there is an intestinal injury Arginine becomes a conditionally essential amino acid and what must be supplemented into the diet
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Linoleic Acid
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An essential fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet
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Eicosapentaenoic
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The antithrombotic n3 fatty acid found in fish oil
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Solid Fats
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What is the condition of triacylglycerol with saturated fatty acids of longer chain length at room temperature
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Cholesterol
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What is the precursor for estrogens androgens bile acids and vitamin D
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Bile emulsifies dietary lipid to increase its surface area
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Describe the action of Bile
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Delays the rate of emptying of stomach contents
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Undigested lipid in the stomach creates satiety because
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Micelle
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Linolenic acid 2 monoacylglycerols cholesterol and vitamin D form a
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Micelles
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What polymolecular aggregates are small enough to enter the intramicrovillus spaces to interact with the brush border
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Albumin
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What is the carrier for medium chain fatty acids in portal circulation
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Liver
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The organ that provides the major site for lipoprotein formation
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HDL
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Reverse cholesterol transport that removes cholesterol from peripheral cells and returns it to the liver is carried out by
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Trans unsaturated fatty acids
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Fatty acids now considered to be more atherogenic because they elevate serum LDL while decreasing HDL
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Carnitine
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Carrier molecule needed for mitochondrial membrane transport of long chain fatty acids and their CoA derivatives
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Acetyl CoA
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What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria
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Ketones
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Acetyl CoA produce
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Prolonged starvation
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Ketogenesis is highest during
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Pectins
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Are part of the cell wall middle lamella and are water soluble gel forming and stable at acidic pH's
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Gums
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Secreted at plant energy sites
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Beta-glucans
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Found in cereal brans such as oats and barley and reduce serum cholesterol
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Fructans
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Sources such as chicory, onions, and Jerusalem artichokes are associated with
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Oat bran and legumes
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High fiber foods most effective in reducing serum cholesterol
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Improved
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The condition of glycemic control in response to foods rich in fiber
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Lignin
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Poorly fermentable fiber
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Sodium Potassium and Chloride
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What are the major electrolytes
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Parathyroid Hormone
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What is secreted in response to low plasma calcium and acts on the kidney to increase calcitriol synthesis
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Calcium and Magnesium
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The minerals that when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat form soaps
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Calcium and Phosphorus
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The minerals that are the major part of the crystal hydroxyapatite formed in the ossification of bone
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Phosphate balance
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What is achieved largely by renal excretion
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Phosphorus
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A mineral that plays a major role in regulating pH
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Refeeding Syndrome
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Condition associated with low serum concentrations of phosphorus
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Phosphorus
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Mineral least likely to be deficient in the diet
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Magnesium
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The mineral that is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables
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Magnesium
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Mineral participating in all aspects of energy metabolism
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Magnesium
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Mineral with the primary function of binding phosphate groups in ATP and ATP dependent enzyme reactions
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Muscle Contraction
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In what process in the body is the calcium and magnesium antagonistic with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor
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Magnesium
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The deficiency of which major mineral is associated with muscular weakness neuromuscular hyperexcitability and tetany
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Beta Carotene
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Carotenoid pigment with the greatest Vitamin A activity
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Retinol
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What must be reesterfied to be carried in the chylomicron
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Stellate Cells
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Once secreted from the liver retinol is found in the blood attached to red blood cells and
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Rhodopsin
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The visual cycle involves a vitamin A molecule called 11 cis retinal that combines with opsin to form what
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Vitamin A
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The vitamin that directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells
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Vitamin A
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Growth immunity and cell differentiation are all function of what vitamin
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Yes
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Are β carotenes harmful to smokers
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Zinc
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Which micromineral deficiency interferes with vitamin A metabolism by reducing the retinol binding protein
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Severe Infections
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A symptom of vitamin A deficiency most likely responsible for deficiency related deaths
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No
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Is cow's milk a reliable source of vitamin D in the food supply
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Fortified
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What type of foods would you expect to see the vitamin D molecule of vitamin D3 also known as cholecalciferol
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25 hydroxycholecalciferol
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Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be in the active vitamin D form this process occurs in the liver to form
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Vitamin D
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The vitamin believed to function like a steroid hormone
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Protective Effect
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The relationship of vitamin D to autoimmune disease
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Vitamin D
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Vitamin deficiency associated with rickets
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D
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Toxicity of which vitamin is related to increased deposition of calcium in soft tissues
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Cutaneous production reaches a maximum
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Sun exposure does not cause hypervitmainosis D because
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Alpha
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Which tocopherol form provides the most vitamin E
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A balanced meal containing Vitamin E
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Most vitamin E in the body is found in the chylomicrons in the lymphatic vessels and general circulation following what
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Adipose
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Vitamin E is stored mostly in what tissue type
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Vitamin E
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The fat soluble vitamin with the primary function of membrane integrity
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E
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For which vitamin was a tolerable upper intake level set due to an increased tendency of bleeding
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K
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The fat soluble vitain consumed in the form phylloquinon from plant foods
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K
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A fat soluble vitamin that appears to operate as a coenzyme that modifies proteins to bind with calcium
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K
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Which vitamin is most likely to be deficient in newborns
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A part of a coenzyme
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The major function of vitamin B vitamins is to serve as
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Glucose
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Animals synthesize their own ascorbic acid from
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C
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Which water soluble vitamin contributes to "intracellular cement" in the formation of scar tissue and wound healing
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Collagen Synthesis
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Vitamin synthesis acts as a cofactor by maintaining iron in a reduced state in
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Carnitine
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Which molecule synthesized with the help of vitamin C underscores the importance of vitamin C to fat metabolism
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Ascorbic Acid
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What provides a reducing equivalent so that iron is in the ferrous form in lysyl hydroxylase
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Antioxidant
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A primary function of vitamin C is to act as an
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Donates an electron to reduce a mineral cofactor
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How does vitamin C participate in biochemical reactions involving its antioxidant ability
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Scurvy
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The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in carnitine synthesis is the reason that people with what condition have no energy and are very tired
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90 mg and 2000 mg
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What is the RDA and UL for vitamin C for adult men
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Energy Transformation
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A major role for Thiamin is
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Berberi
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A consequence of Thiamin deficiency is
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Protein
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The body can synthesize Niacin from the amino acid Tryptophan when the diet is adequate in
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Niacin
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Which vitamin had a reduced coenzyme for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis that is a product of the pentose phosphate pathway
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Niacin
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The four D's dermatitis dementia diarrhea and death result from a deficiency in which vitamin
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Pantothenic Acid
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The synthesis of coenzyme A starts with the phosphorylation of which vitamin
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Biotin
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A deficiency in which vitamin is associated with these symptoms hallucination lethargy skin rash alopecia and muscle pain
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B12
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5 methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF
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Homocysteine
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Low Focalin Low Cobalamin and Low Pyridoxine can result in elevated levels of which amino acid
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Purines and Pyrimidines
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Folate is important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its essential role in the synthesis of
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Vitamin B12
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In the enzyme methionine synthase which vitamin acts by accepting a methyl group from 5 methyltetrahydrofolate and donating this group to homocysteine to from methionine
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400 ug DFE
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What is the RDA amount of Folate for women of child bearing age
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B12
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Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin
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Cobalamin
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The prescence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins R protein and intrinsic factor and a receptor located in the ileum is required for digestion and absorption of what
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B12
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Large amounts of Folic Acid can mask which vitamin deficiency and prevent macrocytic anemia and symptoms are related to the nervous system
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B12
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Which of the water soluble vitamins is able to be stored and retained in the body for long periods of time
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B6
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Which vitamin has a Tolerable Upper Intake Lever established
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BMI
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One way to estimate appropriate weight for height
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Adult Men
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The range of 19 through 24 represents the healthy BMI range for
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(weight (kg))/(〖height 〗^(2 ) (m^2))
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What is the formula to calculate BMI
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Obesity
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Waist circumferences of >40 inches in men and >35 inches in women are used to identify the risk for
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DEXA
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Which technique is used for measuring body composition and makes use of small exposures to radiation
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Stroke and Sleep Apnea
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Obesity is associated with increased risk for what
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Fat
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Which nutrient provides the lowest respiratory quotient when oxidized
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2.54 cm
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How many centimeters is one inch equal to
|
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2.2 lbs
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How many pounds is one kilogram equal to
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Ghrelin
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Which homrones or molecules increases the urge to eat
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Krebs cycle and Electron transport
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What is the final common catabolic pathway for the metabolism of carbohydrates proteins and fats
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Magnesium
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Foods such as nuts grains coffee legumes and leafy green vegetables are good sources of
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Calcium
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Nutrients such as fiber phytic acid oxalic acid unabsorbed fatty acids Zinc and Magnesium interfere with the absorption of
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Trabecular
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Type of bone composed of an interconnects system of mineralized proteins mostly type I collagen
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Cortical
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Type of bone made up of layers of mineralized protein primarily type II collagen
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Osteoblasts
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Cells that build the bone
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Osteoclasts
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Cells that take bone apart |