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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genes can be switched... |
...on or off. |
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All the cells in an organism carry... |
...the same genes (DNA) but the structure and function of different cells varies. |
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How do all cells carry the same DNA but have different structures and functions? |
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Name the three levels gene expression can be controlled at. |
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[Transcriptional level] Gene expression can be controlled at the transcriptional level by... |
...altering the rate of transcription of genes. E.g. increased transcription produces more mRNA, which can be used to make more protein. |
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[Transcriptional level] What controls the rate of transcription in a cell? |
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[Transcriptional level] What are the names for transcription factors and increase or decrease the rate of transcription? |
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[Transcriptional level] What factor affect whether a transcription factor can bind to DNA, what affects the factor and what does this mean? |
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[Transcriptional level] State where transcription factors bind in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. |
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[Transcriptional level] What is an operon? |
An operon is a section of DNA that contains a cluster of structural genes, that are transcribed together, as well as control elements and sometimes a regulatory gene. |
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[Transcriptional level] What are structural genes, control elements and regulatory genes? |
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[Transcriptional level] State and explain an example of an operon. |
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[Transcriptional level] What occurs at the lac operon when there is no lactose present? |
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[Transcriptional level] What occurs at the lac operon when there is lactose present? |
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[Post-transcriptional level] mRNA is ......... at a post-transcriptional level. |
edited |
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[Post-transcriptional level] Genes in eukaryotic DNA contain sections that don't... |
...code for amino acids. |
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[Post-transcriptional level] What are the sections that don't code for amino acids called? What are the sections that do code for amino acids called? |
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[Post-transcriptional level] What occurs during transcription in terms of introns and exons and what is formed? |
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[Post-transcriptional level] ........ are removed from pre-mRNA strands in a process called ........ - ....... are removed and ........ joined, forming ........ ........ strands. This takes place in the ......... . |
1. Introns 2. splicing 3. introns 4. exons 5. mature mRNA 6. nucleus |
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[Post-transcriptional level] What occurs after splicing? |
The mature mRNA leaves the nucleus for the next stage of protein synthesis. |
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[Post-translational level] .......... activates some .......... at the post-translational level. |
1. cAMP 2. proteins |
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[Post-translational level] What is cAMP? |
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[Post-translational level] Some proteins are not ........... after they have been synthesised - they need to be .......... to work. |
1. functional 2. activated |
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[Post-translational level] Protein activation is controlled by... |
...molecules e.g. hormones and sugars |
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[Post-translational level] How do the molecules that activate protein activation work? |
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[Post-translational level] How does changing the 3D shape of a protein activate it? |
Altering the 3D structure can change the shape of the active site of an enzyme, making it become more or less active. |
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[Post-translational level] Give and explain an example of a protein being activated by cAMP. |
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