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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
acid
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molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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adhesion
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attraction between water molecules and other molecules
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aliphatic hydrocarbon
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hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms
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anion
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negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons
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aromatic hydrocarbon
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hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
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atom
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the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element
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atomic mass
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calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes
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atomic number
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total number of protons in an atom
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balanced chemical equation
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statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants
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base
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molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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buffer
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substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions
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calorie
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amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius
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capillary action
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occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the sides of the tubes
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cation
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positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons
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chemical bond
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interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in the formation of molecules
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chemical reaction
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process leading to the rearrangement of atoms in molecules
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chemical reactivity
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the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other
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cohesion
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intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension
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compound
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substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
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covalent bond
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type of strong bond formed between two of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms
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dissociation
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release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH-
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electrolyte
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ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions and water balance
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electron
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negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit
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electron configuration
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arrangement of electrons in an atom’s electron shell (for example, 1s22s22p6)
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electron orbital
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how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where an electron is most likely to be found
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electron transfer
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movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creation of ionic bonds
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electronegativity
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ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
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element
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one of 118 unique substances that cannot be broken down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
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enantiomers
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molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
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equilibrium
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steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system
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evaporation
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separation of individual molecules from the surface of a body of water, leaves of a plant, or the skin of an organism
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functional group
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group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
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geometric isomer
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isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
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heat of vaporization of water
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high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor
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hydrocarbon
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molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
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hydrogen bond
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weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
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hydrophilic
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describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
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hydrophobic
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describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water |
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inert gas
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element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms, also known as noble gas
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ion
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atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons
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ionic bond
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chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)
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irreversible chemical reaction
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chemical reaction where reactants proceed uni-directionally to form products
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isomers
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molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
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isotope
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one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
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law of mass action
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chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances
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litmus paper
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filter paper that has been treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes so it can be used as a pH indicator, also known as pH paper
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mass number
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total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
matter anything that has mass and occupies space
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molecule
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two or more atoms chemically bonded together
neutron uncharged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu
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nonpolar covalent bond
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type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them
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nucleus
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core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons
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octet rule
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rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells
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orbital
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region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons
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organic molecule
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any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)
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periodic table
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organizational chart of elements indicating the atomic number and atomic mass of each element; provides key information about the properties of the elements
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pH scale
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scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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polar covalent bond
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type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule
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product
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molecule found on the right side of a chemical equation
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proton
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positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1
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radioisotope
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isotope that emits radiation composed of subatomic particles to form more stable elements
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reactant
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molecule found on the left side of a chemical equation
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reversible chemical reaction
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chemical reaction that functions bi-directionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough
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solvent
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substance capable of dissolving another substance
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specific heat capacity
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the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius
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sphere of hydration
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when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution
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structural isomers
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molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds
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substituted hydrocarbon
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hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons
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surface tension
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tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid
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valence shell
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outermost shell of an atom
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van der Waals interaction
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very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together
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