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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 3 layers of the blood vessels?
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1. tunica intima
2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia |
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tunica intimia:
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-inner layer
-elastic layer -thin, smooth glistening surface |
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tunica media:
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-middle layer
-primarily in arteries -large, smooth muscle layer -constricts to control diameter of blood vessel |
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tunica adventitia:
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-outer layer
-thickest layer in veins -supports the vessel |
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capillaries:
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-sends blood to tissues and cells and back again
-made of a single thickness endothelial cells -contains tiny pores that vary by size according to the location in the body |
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brain-barrier:
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-endothelial cells located in the brain that form a tight junctions preventing substances that would alter neural excitability from leaving the capillary
-brain cells are more supceptible to waste products |
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fenestrations:
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-located in the kidneys
-glomerular capillaries have these small openings that pass directly thru the middle of the endothelial cells -larger capillary pores than blood-brain barrier |
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lymphatics:
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-serve almost all body tissues, except cartilage, bone, epithelial tissue and tissue of CNS
-structure is similar to veins |
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Does resistance increase or decrease with vessel length?
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increase
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Does resistance increase or decrease with an increase in diameter?
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decrease
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Does resistance increase or decrease with viscosity?
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increase
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Will an increase in a cross-sectional area increase or decrease velocity?
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decrease
(mostly located in capillary bed) |
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bruit:
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-an audible murmur heard over a peripheral artery
-caused by turbulent blood flow -suggests obstructive arterial disease |
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thrill:
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palpable murmur
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What is 10% of interstitial fluid picked up by in the body?
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lymphatics
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edema:
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-lymphatic obstruction and increased capillary permeability
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List 4 factors that move blood back to the heart thru the venous system.
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1. skeletal muscle contraction
2. valves and veins 3. negative intrapleural pressure; "sucking" 4. intraabdominal pressure |
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List the 2 mechanisms used during blood flow.
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1. extrinsic mechanism
2. intrinsic mechanism |
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lymphedema:
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-accumulation of fluid in the lymph tissue caused by backflow of fluid
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5 Causes of blood vessel obstruction:
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1. thrombosis
2. embolus formation 3. vasospasm 4. inflammation 5. mechanical compression |
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Types of emboli:
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fat, air, bacteria, amniotic fluid (pregnancy)
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What is the most likely cause of sudden death?
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pulmonary edema
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How would a pt have a fat emboli?
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from a long bone fracture from injury or trauma
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Where is the most common location for an embolus formation?
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mostly from legs or pelvis to lungs
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thrombophlebitis:
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-inflammation of a vein in junction with the formation of a thrombus
-usually occurs in an extremity, esp leg. |
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phlebothrombosis:
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-clotting in a vein
-phlebitis with secondary thrombosis |
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vasospasm:
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-spasm of a blood vessel
-Ex: angina is a vasospasm of an abnormal artery |
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phlebitis:
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-inflammation of a vein
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arteritis:
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-inflammation of an artery
-painful |
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arteriosclerosis:
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-disease of te arterial vessels
-thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls |
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Explain valvular incompetence.
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-heart valves are stenotic or insufficient
-valve is not completely shut, causes back pressure leading to edema |
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aneurysm:
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-weakening of the vessel wall
-"What is the risk of rupture?" |
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3 types of aneurysms:
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1. fusiform (found in abdominal aorta)
2. saccular (aka Berry) 3. dissecting (artificial hole in the wall of artery |
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Can you have insufficiency without stenosis?
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yes
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Can you have stenosis without insufficiency?
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no
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What size is the aneurysm when it's dilation is critical?
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5 1/2 cm
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arteriovenous fistula:
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aka AV fistula
-abnormal tubelike passage btn an artery and a vein -can be congenital or due to trauma |
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Types of sclerosis:
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1. Monckeberg's sclerosis
2. arteriolar sclerosis 3. arteriosclerosis |
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Monckeberg's sclerosis:
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-calcium deposits formed in the media (muscle wall)
-no reduction in blood flow results |
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arterioscleriosis:
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aka atherosclerosis
-cause of peripheral vascular disease (PVD)in medium to large arteries resulting in decreased blood flow -most common in vessels of lower extremities, esp femoral and popliteal |
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arteriolar sclerosis:
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-disease causes small arteries to thicken
-cause of HTN |
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What is a common secondary cause of HTN?
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renal stenosis
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Types of arteries:
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cerebral, coronary, femoral, aorta
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LDL:
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aka low-density lipids
-norm: <130 mg/dl -proliferates muscle cells in the artery -excess cholesterol is stored in the arteries |
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HDL:
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aka high-density lipids
-norm: >200 mg/dl -moves cholesterol from the arterial walls to liver -more is better |
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atheromas:
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-plaques
-lipid filled smooth muscle cells found in collagen |
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collaterals:
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-detours made as a compensatory mechanism in the body
-2 types: body-made and man-made |
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List 4 main risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis.
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1. smoking (d/t vasoconstriction)
2. high BP 3. cholesterol 4. obesity |
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List 5 minor risk factors associated with arteriosclerosis.
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1. diabetes
2. stress 3. male sex 4. family history 5. estrogen effect |
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Clinical diagnosis for arteriosclerosis:
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1. body assessment by systems
2. Doppler flow studies 3. ultrasound 4. ankle-brachial index (pressures) with <1 as abnormal 5. angiography |
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List 5 treatments for arteriosclerosis.
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1. balloon angioplasty
2. laser angioplasty 3. endarterectomy 4. CABG 5. treatment contributing factors |
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Arteritis:
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aka Thromboangitis Obliterans
aka Buerger's disease -inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation -common in young male smokers btn 25-40 YO -relieved by resting |
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Raynaud's Syndrome:
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-temporary pallor or cyanosis of the arteries/arterioles of the fingers
-common in females in cold temperatures -no tissue damage involved |
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Treatment for Raynaud's syndrome:
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calcium channel blockers for vasodilation
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4 treatments for acute arterial occlusion:
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1. surgical emergency
2. anticoagulatio theory 3. treatment run-off 4. possible amputation |
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valvular incompetency:
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-typically in superficial vericose veins
-d/t prolonged standing, pregnancy, obesity -tx: stockings, sclerotherapy, ligation and stripping -can lead to chronic venous insufficiency |
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chronic venous insufficiency:
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-involves deep veins
-can cause deep vein disease |
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tx for lymphedema:
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causes thickened skin - elastic stockings and compression devices
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