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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mobitz I
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117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block.
118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol. |
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Mobitz II
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BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
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P wave
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Atrial depol.
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a wave
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LA contraction
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T wave
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Vetricular repol.
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Wavy fibers
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Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
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Janeway’s lesions
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Acute bacterial endocarditis.
125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles. |
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Osler’s nodes
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Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes. |
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Thiamine defcy
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Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption
129. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy 130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss |
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Fibrinous Pericarditis
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Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
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Serous Pericarditis
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Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
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Friction Rub
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Pericarditis association
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Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
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Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
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Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly 137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa). |
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PML’s infectious agent
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JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
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Edema
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↑Pc (more seeps out)
140. ↓πc (less reabsorbed) 141. ↑ permeability 142. Block lymphatic drainage |
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
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Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also
present. 144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis |
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Malignant HTN & Kidneys
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Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
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Nephritic signs
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Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
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Nephrotic signs
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Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
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Podocyte Effacement seen w/
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Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
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ASO seen in
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Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep)
150. Anti streptolysin O |
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Crescentic GN
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Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome
152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis |
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Hereditary Nephritis
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Alport’s syndrome. X linked
154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities |
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Membranoproliferative GN
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Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL
156. See tram tracking |
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TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN
deposits |
C3 & IgG deposits
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TypeII Membrano Proliferative
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Only C3 deposits
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GN deposits
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Aka Dense deposit disease
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
deposits |
IgM & C3 deposits
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Cold agglutinins
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Seen in atypical pneumonia
162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs |
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Scrofula
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TB in the lymph nodes
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Aspirin-Asthma Triad
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Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
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Ferruginous bodies
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Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
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Pancoast’s tumor causes
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Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome
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Fatty degeneration
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Made up primarily of triglycerides
168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis 169. Associated w/ CCl4 |
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Cloudy swelling
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Failure of cellular Na pump
171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver |
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Hydropic degeneration
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Severe form of cloudy swelling
173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea |
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Liquefaction necrosis
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Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
175. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries 176. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation |
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Coagulation necrosis
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Result of sudden ischemia
178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen |
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Caseation necrosis
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Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection |
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Fibrinoid necrosis
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Seen in the walls of small arteries
182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis |
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Fat necrosis
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Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results |
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Hemoptysis
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Blood in sputum
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Pulmonary embolism
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Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
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Phlebothrombosis
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From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden
pt, 188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to ↑d blood coagulability |
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Saddle embolus
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Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
190. ↑↑ RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale |
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Paradoxical embolism
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Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation
192. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect |
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Tuberculoid granuloma
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Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
194. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections |
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Cellulitis
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Spreading infection due to streptococcus
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PSA
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Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
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↑↑5-HT
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In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
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↑ αFeto Protein
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Hepatocarcinoma
199. Neural tube defects |
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CEA
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Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
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Chromosome 13
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Retinoblastoma
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Chromosome 11p
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Wilms tumor of the kidney
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Vinyl Chloride
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Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
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Agent Orange
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Contains dioxin
205. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas |
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Parasites & CA
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Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA
207. S. mansoni = Colon CA 208. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen |
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Ochronosis
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Alkaptonuria
210. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) 211. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine 212. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage |
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Lead poisoning
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Acid fast inclusion bodies
214. ↑ urinary coproprophyrin 215. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic 216. Stippling of the basophils 217. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray 218. Mental retardation |
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Heroin OD, clinically
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Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
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Atypical mycobacterium
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M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
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Cold abscesses
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Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
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Actinomyces isrealli
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Farmers infection
224. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus |
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Congenital Syphilis
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Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
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Warthin-Finkeledy cells
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Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
227. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus |
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the
host |
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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
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α Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
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Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
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Staph aureus, β Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli
231. Common among drug addicts & diabetics |
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Mitral Insufficiency
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Ruptured papillary muscle
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Left Anterior Descending branch
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Branch of the Left Coronary artery
234. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion 235. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum |
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Left Circumflex branch
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Branch of the Left Coronary artery
237. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV |
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Dissecting Aneurysm
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False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
239. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease 240. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim |
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Cor Pulmonale
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Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
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Acute Cor Pulmonale
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Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
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Bronchopneumonia
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Lobular (rather than lobar)
244. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli 245. Abscess formation is common |
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Lobar pneumonia
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Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella)
247. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia 248. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia 249. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media |
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Bronchiectasis
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Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
251. Supparation associated 252. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement |
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Cold Agglutinins
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Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Panlobular Emphysema
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α1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase ↑ = ↑ compliance in the lung
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Bulla
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Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
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Farmer’s Lung
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Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
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Bagassosis
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Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
258. Inhalation of sugar cane dust |
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Silo-Filler’s Lung
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Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
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G6PDH Deficiency
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Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
261. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs |
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HbF ↑↑
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Multiple Myeloma
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Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-
Jones protein casts |
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Hodgkin’s Disease
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Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
265. Reed Sternberg cells |
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
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Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
267. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag 268. Can see fever; abd.pain; ↓ wt; HTN; muscle aches |
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Sprue
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Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
270. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & ↑ IgA levels |
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Regional Enteritis
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Crohn’s Disease
272. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum |
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Whipple’s Disease
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Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
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Kulchitsky cells
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Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
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Ulcerative Colitis
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Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ ↑ colon CA incidence
276. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn 277. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep 278. Not transmural involvement |
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Vaginal Adenosis
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Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
280. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix |
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Scirrhous Carcinoma
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Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
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Hofbauer Cells
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Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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Retinopathy of Prematurity
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Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
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IgA deficiency
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Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ ↑ respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases
285. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction |
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Priamry Sjorgen’s
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Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. ↑ risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune
disease. |
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Secondary Sjorgen’s
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Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
288. RA association shows HLA-DR4 |
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LDH1 & LDH2
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Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
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LDH3
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Lung tissue
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LDH4 & LDH5
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Liver cells
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