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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What shortcut does Professor Christie suggest for determining if an organ is considered external or internal?
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If you can't put a finger on it, it's considered internal (most of the time)
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What is the function of the testes? Are they internal or external?
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Make sperm/hormones (Testosterone)
Internal |
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What is the function of the epididymis? Is it internal or external?
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Mature sperm (sperm school, 2 weeks long)
Internal |
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What is the function of the scrotum? Is it internal or external?
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Hold testes/temperature control - External
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What is the function of the vas defrens? Is it internal or external?
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Transport sperm. Internal
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What is the function of the seminal vesicles? Are they internal or external?
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Make seminal fluid/semen (Semen is the fluid transporting sperm, NOT actual sperm).
Internal |
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What is the function of the prostate gland? Is it internal or external?
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Activates sperm/helps make fluid.
Internal |
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What is the function of the bulbourethral gland? Is it internal or external?
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Neutralizes acidity, provides buffer, secretes fluid (not exactly known).
Internal |
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What is the function of the penis? Is it internal or external?
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Sperm delivery, sexual intercourse.
External |
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What is the function of the corpus cavernosa? Is it internal or external?
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2 primary vessels in the penis, containing arteries which expand upon arousal, crushing veins, preventing blood from leaving. Erectile tissue, makes erection.
External |
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What is the function of the corpus spongiosum? Is it internal or external?
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Single vessel in the penis, holds urethra open, so that ejaculation is possible - erectile tissue, makes erection.
External |
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What is the function of the ovaries? Are they internal or external?
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Make eggs and hormones (estrogen, etc)
Internal |
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What is the function of the fallopian (uterine) tubes? Are they internal or external?
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Egg highway, transport egg to uterus
Internal |
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What is the function of the uterus? Is it internal or external?
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Gestation, site of pregnancy, menstruation
Internal |
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What is the function of the cervix? Is it internal or external?
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Gatekeeper, lets things in and out (open during delivery, ovulation, menstruation - closed all other times)
Internal |
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What is the function of the vagina? Is it internal or external?
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Birth canal, passage for baby, penis, intercourse.
Considered both internal and external, depending on reference |
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What is the function of the vestibular glands? Are they internal or external?
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Lubrication for external entrance
External |
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What is the function of the labia majora/minora? Are they internal or external?
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Protection, sign of arousal
External |
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What is the function of the clitoris? Is it internal or external?
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Sexual arousal/sensitivity
External |
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The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are considered to be "accessory glands" because they do not directly make sperm. What do these glands do, and why is it necessary?
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Secrete semen to carry sperm
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Describe the male orgasm process
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1. Emission - glands secrete fluids as sperm pass by (moved by smooth muscle contraction in the vas defrens)
A. first would be seminal vesicles (make fructose to feed sperm, buffer to countreact acidity in the vagina and penis, clotting agent to cause sperm to stick where they land, immune suppressor (for female system to avoid being killed by her system) B. Next is the prostate, which gives the sperm activator - swim signal, buffer, and time delayed clot buster (works after approx 10 minutes) so that sperm can swim to eggs after being stuck in the landing zone C. Last would be the bulbo-urethral gland, which secretes mucus to clean out the urethra 2. Ejaculation - semen and sperm leave through peristalsis |
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What purpose does the blood/testis barrier (membrane) serve?
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Present to prevent immune system from killing own sperm, since they do not have the full genetic signature of the father
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Where does ovulation occur?
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The ovaries
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Where does conception/fertilization occur?
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Falopian (uterine) tubes
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Where does pregnancy occur?
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Uterus
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What does it mean when your text says that "the clitoris is homologous to the penis and the labia are homologous to the scrotum"?
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They are the same type of structure - the male sex matures from the female type structure during maturation in the womb (starting around 10 weeks). Both start out as female structures (Default)
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What organs of the female are considered part of the vulva? What about the perineum?
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The vulva is the external genitalia of the female (labia majora/minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands) - Perineum is considered the vulva plus anus (and bits in between)
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What is considered to be part of the vaginal vestibule?
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Only the inside of the labia minora (entranceway), the vagina oriface, clitoris, and urethra
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What is spermatogenesis? Describe the process
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The act of making sperm.
Meiosis makes sperm. 2n mother cells (stem cells or spermatogonim) undergo meiosis Makes 4 cells from every mother cell - makes haploid cells (single n), called sperm/gametes - process takes about 2 weeks. Males start producing sperm at puberty and continue until death Produce around 100 million+ per day if healthy (not a testable fact) Testosterone controls this process |
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Describe the hormone cascade that regulates sperm production
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Male hypothalamus makes GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), which goes to the anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary makes FSH (folicle stimulating hormone) to make sperm (mnemonic: FSH makes fish) in testes, LH (leutenizing hormone) to make testosterone in testes (to mature sperm) This process is controlled by negative feedback: When level of testosterone in the body is high, LH production is lowered, if too low, LH increases to compensate When sperm count is high, FSH production is lowered, if too low, more FSH. This is signaled by Inhibin production as sperm are produced. |