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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the six main parts of the CNS?
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1) Spinal Cord
2) Medulla 3) Pons 4) Midbrain 5) Diencephalon 6) Cerebral Hemispheres |
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What are the three broader areas of the Brain?
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1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain 3) Hindbrain |
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What are the functions of the Spinal Cord?
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i) Provides motor control of the limbs and trunk
ii) Receives and processes sensory information from the skin, joints and muscles of the limbs and trunk |
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What does the Brainstem consist of ?
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Medulla, Pons and Midbrain
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What are the functions of the Brainstem?
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i) Provides motor control for the muscles of the head (via cranial motor nuclei)
ii) Receives sensory information from the skin and muscles of the head iii) Contains other nuclei for special senses: [hearing, balance and taste] iv) Brainstem relays information from spinal cord to forebrain and vice versa v) Regulates arousal, awareness and sleep |
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What are the functions of the Medulla Oblongata?
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i) Contains nuclei vitally linked to autonomic functions [breathing, control of heart rate and blood pressure]
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What are the functions of the Pons?
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i) Conveys information on movement and position of body
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"The pons is linked to the _______"
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Cerebellum
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What are the functions of the Midbrain?
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i) Controls many sensory and motor functions
ii) Coordinates visual and auditory reflexes |
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What are the functions of the Diencephalon?
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i) Thalamus - Processes sensory information and relays to cerebral cortex
ii) Hypothalamus - Involved in autonomic, endocrine and visceral function |
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What are the functions of the Cerebral Hemispheres?
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i) Important in memory and cognitive activities
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What are the structures of Cerebral Hemispheres?
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Consists of Cerebral Cortex and 3 deep lying structures;
i) Basal Ganglia ii) Hippocampus iii) Amygdala |
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What are the two classes of the cells in the CNS?
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1) Nerve Cells
2) Glial Cells |
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What are the four basic regions of the Neuron?
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1) Cell Body (Soma)
2) Dendrites 3) Axon 4) Presynaptic Terminals |
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What are examples of Glial cells?
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a) Oligodendrocytes
b) Schwann Cell c) Astrocytes |
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"Glial cells outnumber neurons by a factor of 10-50 in the CNS" True or False?
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FALSE
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How does the number of Glial cells and Neurons compare in the CNS?
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Equal total number of Glial cells and Neuron.
But Glia to Neuron ratios differ dramatically from one general brain region to the next. |
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What is the function of Schwann cells?
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Located in the periphery and envelops a single Axon, insulates it creating Nodes of Ranvier contribute to increased axonal conduction speed
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What are the functions of Glial Cells?
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1) Provides support, firmness and structure to the brain
2) Provide separation/insulation from other cells 3) Some Glial cells are scavengers, removing debris after injury or neuronal death 4) Buffers K+ ion conc, removes neurotransmitters (glutamate) during synaptic transmission 5) Important in axon guidance during development 6) Blood Brain Barrier 7) Nutritive Function |
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Which type of Glial cell forms tight junctions surrounding endothelial cells to form the BBB?
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Astrocytes
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What are the functions of the Dopamine neural pathway?
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1) Reward (motivation)
2) Pleasure, Euphoria 3) Motor function (fine tuning) 4) Compulsion 5) Preservation |
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What are the functions of the Serotonin neural pathway?
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1) Mood
2) Memory processing 3) Sleep 4) Cognition |
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Which drugs act on the serotonergic (raphe) neurons?
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Antidepressant drugs
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Which drugs act on the dopamine neurons?
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Antipsychotic drugs
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"Drugs of abuse act on ______ and _______ pathways in the brain"
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Dopamine (DA) , Serotonin (5-HT)
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What is the function of CSF?
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1) Provides a mechanical cushion, protecting brain from impact with bony calvarium
2) Provides a route for nutrition and waste elimination |
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Where is most CSF found in the brain?
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The Four ventricles of the brain
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What are the four ventricles of the brain?
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2 Lateral Ventricles, 3rd and 4th Ventricles
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"CSF is secreted by _________"
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Choroid Plexus
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What is the pathway of CSF circulation?
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1) Formed in the Choroid Plexus
2) Flows from Lateral ventricles into 3rd Ventricles 3) Flows from 3rd Ventricles and then into 4th ventricle 4) Circulates through the subarachinoid space which is bound by the pia mater and dura 5) Reaches deep sulci and depths of cerebral cortex |
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How was the BBB discovered?
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Arose from dye experiments; where iv injections of dyes stained most tissues in the body but not the brain
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What is the BBB?
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Blood Brain Barrier:
Endothelial cells have extensive contact with projections from Astrocytes to form tight junctions. |
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How do brain endothelial cells compare to peripheral endothelial cells?
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a) Brain endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions
b) Peripheral endothelial cells have large pores "fenestra" |
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What are the multiple ways that substances can be moved across the cell membranes in the brain?
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1) Paracellular aqueous pathway
2) Transcellular lipophilic pathway 3) Transport Proteins 4) Receptor mediated transcytosis 5) Adsorptive Transcytosis |
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"Not all the areas of the brain have a BBB" True or False?
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TRUE (E.g.Chemoreceptor trigger Zone)
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"Substances entering the brain are generally referred to as crossing the BBB" True or False?
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TRUE
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What are the factors that influence drug transport through the BBB?
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1) Blood Conc of Drug 2) Lipid solubility of Drug 3) Protein binding of Drug 4) Affinity and density of transport carriers 5) Polarity of drug 6) Possible enzymatic modifications within endothelial cells
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