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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Posit
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put forward as true
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Disparate
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very different
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Posit
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put forward as true
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Disparate
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very different
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Materialism
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form of monism in which the mind is just a function of the brain because matter is all there is (emphasis on the material world)
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naturalism
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nature is all there is (emphasis on the lack of the supernatural)
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physicalism
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everything can be explained by physical processes (chemistry and physics)
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Monism
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reality reduces to 1 fundamental essence (either the mind- like Berkely; or the brain: 1.materialism 2. naturalism 3. physicalism)
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Dualism
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reality reduces to two disparate essences, which are a composite of the material brain and the immaterial mind
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consciousness
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awareness + qualia + intentionality
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qualia
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experiences of sensations
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intentionality
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meaning or purpose
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Good
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that which conduces (provides) wellbeing and happiness
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Justice in the state?
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the set of actions taken by the state to preserve and protect the natural rights (life liberty pursuit of happiness) of its citizens
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Justice in the individual?
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treating people with dignity, respect and kindness; also the definition of love; justice = love in practice
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Justice is what kind of good?
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intrinsic
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Happiness? a condition resulting from? why is it not a feeling?
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the state of being satisfied with the overall pattern of one’s life; a condition resulting from a life that is rich in the higher pleasures; it is a quality not a feeling because we associate feelings with happiness
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joy
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feelings associated with happiness
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two things that result in happiness?
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joy (feelings) and a lot of higher pleasures
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morality
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behavior that is right or wrong
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ethics
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the study and analysis of moral behavior
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Ethical Absolute
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something that is always right or wrong regardless of circumstances
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Ethical Relativism
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right and wrong are determined by the time and culture (society) in which people live; appeals to youth
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Ethical Subjectivism
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ethical view that denies the existence of ethical absolutes and the right and wrong are determined by the individuals feels, prejudices, and biases
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Ethical Egoism
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form of ethical subjectivism that is the view that we should put our own interests ahead of others
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Emergentism
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compromise between dualism and materialism because the brain GENERATES the intangible mind
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pre-modern
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theist; dualist; freewill (libertarian)
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modern
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atheist; monist; materialism
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Ethical Nihilism
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form of ethical subjectivism that is the view that nothing is right or wrong, nothing matters, and “morality is just an aid to survival and reproduction” (back to ethical subjectivism because the person has to choose how to live)
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Ethical Pragmatism
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the ends justify the means
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Altruism
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form of ethical subjectivism that is the view that we should put the interests of others above our own
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mind body problem
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body = brain; mind = mental events; can you observe, quantify, localize in space or time the mind?; what does the brain do that the mind does not?
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2 arguments that a materialist uses agains a dualist?
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1. dualism violates the law of parsimony (thus the mind is not a thing but a function of the brain) 2. the idea of disparate essences interacting is too incomprehensible to believe (how does the immaterial interact with the material?)
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arguments the dualist uses against the materialist?
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1. law of parsimony: the dualist says that consciousness, qualia, and intentionality are not accounted for. 2. idea of disparate essences interacting is too incomprehensible: the dualist says the materialist believes the same thing (star causes space to bend thus matter causes space to bend thus how does something cause nothing to bed?)
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einstiens’s theory of relativity
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matter tells space to bend and space tells matter where to move
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Law of parsimony?
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the simplest explanation that fits all the facts is the best (but not necessarily true); ockham’s razor cuts away the unnecessary parts of an explanation
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how do you distinguish between an intrinsic and instrumental good?
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ask “what do I want it for”, if it is instrumental, the question will make sense
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Intrinsic Good
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good in itself (happiness: happiness makes you happy)
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Instrumental Good
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good because of what it leads to; ask “what do i want it for?”
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Higher Pleasure? examples? opposite?
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psychological (intellectual/emotional) satisfactions; laughter achievement love friends; sense of dissatisfaction
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Lower Pleasure? too much? opposite?
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physical gratifications; if we have too much it brings pain; opposite equals pain
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3 arguments against ethical relativism/subjectivism?
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1.self refuting (says there are no absolute truths about morals thus means no absolute absolutes) 2. too hard to define culture (thus back to ethical subjectivism ie individual) 3. most people belong to more than one culture, thus which is morally authoritative (thus back to subjectivism) 4. minority is wrong by definition (thus a reformer is always wrong, and no reformations of society, thus wrong and must conform to society to be right)
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how do you distinguish between selfish and unselfish acts we benefit from?
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1. altruistic: acts done for others, even if we benefit. 2. egoistic but NOT selfish: acts done for oneself but DO NOT disregard the interests of others (had lunch) 3. SELFISH: acts done for oneself that disregard the interests and wellbeing of others (both selfish and egoistic)
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soul
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also interchangeable with mind for some philosophers; every true proposition about you thus constitutes essence; maybe part of god’s data base? if not destroyed at death, maybe downloaded into a new body?; does information create the body? maybe the body is just a representation of the soul
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kant’s postulates of practical reason are needed to? the 3 postulates?
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have to assume these to make sense of ethics; 1. God (no god = no moral dictionary) 2. freedom (free will- moral language is nonsense if we do not have free will. If determined, then “should” does not make sense.) 3. Immortality (if death is the end, then no moral obligations)
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utilitarianism
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should always do the act that produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people
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Altruist believes?
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my happiness is not important; yours is important
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egoist believes?
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my happiness IS important; you happiness doesn’t matter unless is makes me happy
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utilitarian believes?
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my and your happiness are equal
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3 principals of utilitarianism?
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1.the right act is the one that produces the greatest net happiness 2. each individual’s happiness is equally important 3. traditional moral rules should generally be followed but they are not absolute
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3 criteria that must be met for the end to justify the means according to utilitarians?
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1. the end must be reasonably certain 2. the means must be the least evil means available 3. the good of the end must outweigh the evil of the means (NET GOOD)
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the utilitarian believes that traditional moral rules? but?
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generally propagate the maximum happiness of the most people; break the traditional rules if it results in the maximum amount of happiness
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2 criticisms of utilitarianism?
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1.why care about the happiness of others? (if no god, then no moral dictionary; also it provides no basis for accepting the idea that we should care about other people’s happiness because “it just feels right”) 2. the ends don’t justify the means (if the end maximizes happiness, does that mean whatever it takes justifies the means?)
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