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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When is a syllogism valid?
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-affirm antecedent -deny consequent |
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Areas of Philosophy and example
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Logic- Aristotle, Bacon (idols of the mind) Metaphysics- Aristotle, Descartes, Plato (two world),Augustine (two world), Kant (nominal)
Epistemology- Plato (apriori), Aristotle(aposteriori), Descartes/Hume (impericists) Ethics- Aquinas (virtue), Kant, Mills/Bentham(consequence) Aesthetics- Plato (negative view, illusion of anillusion), Kant (rules of art, for something to be beautiful must beuniversally beautiful) Social/Political- Locke (liberal), Rousseau (generalwill) |
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What were the Pre-Socratics searching for and their conclusions?
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basic stuff of the universe Thales(water), Anaxemenes (air), Empedocles (four elements), Democritus (atoms) |
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Why was Change a problem? |
How did things come into existence and where did the old stuff go? |
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Difference between Atomists and Pre-Socratics |
Atomists say we see accidental change but not essential change
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Achilles and the Tortoise paradox (Zeno)
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There are infinite number of half-points so we never arrive at the finish line
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Flying Arrow paradox (Zeno)
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There is no motion at an instant
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Difference between Socrates and Post-Modernism's moral relativists
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Socrates - ultimate truth Post Modernists - general |
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What is Happiness according to Socrates? |
find truth via self reflection |
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Why is Virtue important for Socrates?
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If you turn your back on Virtue, you turn your back on Truth
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Plato's Two Worlds
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-sensible word -world of forms |
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Five aspects of form/oneness
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-identity -motion -rest -being -difference |
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Demiurge (Plato) |
Fashioner that takes Oneness and places them into the sensible world
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Plato's Theory of the Soul
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reason - prudence - philosophers irascible- fortitude - auxiliaries concupscible - temperance - artisans |
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Plato's epistemology
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aposteriori
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Aristotle's epistemology
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apriori
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Prime Matter
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pure potentiality
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Aristotle's concept of being
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something cannot come out of nothing |
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Happiness for Aristotle
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-by activity, the fullness of being -act virtuously |
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Aristotle's theory of the Soul
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reason - prudence will - justice irascible - fortitude concupscible - temperance |
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Kalon
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morally beautiful
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Golden Mean
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-middle of two extremes -absolutist |
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Teleological, Ontological, Cosmological arguments for God
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Teleological- study of purpose, everything has apurpose and design Ontological- study of being, better to be real thanfake and God is perfection Cosmological- study of cause, something cannot comeout of nothing |
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St. Anselm's proof of God
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Reality is more perfectthan fake so God must be real. Difficult to dispute because definitions are strong.
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Why does evil exist? (St. Augustine)
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free will
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Just War theory
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-last resort -proportionality -proper intent (peace) -just cause (defence) -success probability -proper authority |
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Jus Im Bello
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-cannot attack civilians -no torture |
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Aquinas Five Ways
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-efficient cause -first mover -gradation -design -necessary being |
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How does Virtue lead to Happiness? (Aquinas)
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-cardinal virtues -character cycle |
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Double Effect Theory
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-results in good and evil -act must be morally good -must not intend evil -good must come from action directly -proportional |
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Skeptic (Hume)
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believes nothing can be proven |
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Theory of Causation (Hume) |
-cannot be certain one leads to another -we see correlation but do not experience it |
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Kant's Categorical Imperative
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-act on maxims that you will become universal -->cannot be a contradiction of conception or will -never treat humans as means to an end |
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“It is thoroughly necessary to be convinced ofGod’s existence, it is not quite so necessary that one should demonstrate it.” (Kant) |
He believes in god but it is not something we canexperience since we are in the noumental world but sense in the phenominalworld. There are limits to our tools. |
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"I think therefore I am" (Descartes)
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To think, one must exist. He thinks he is real, therefore he is real.
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Existentialism
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you are the supreme moral entity
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How did Existentialism change from Kierkegaardto Nietzsche?
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Kierkegaard says we need god to not fall intodread and Nietzsche says make yourself a god.
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Utilitarianism
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act is good if it creates pleasure for the greatest amount of people
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Slave Morality (Nietzsche)
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Social norm is imposed on us with religion keeping us down
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One's existence precedes one's essence. (Sartre)
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Every action recreates you
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Which virtues are universal? (McIntyre)
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-justice -courage -honesty |
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Jean Vanier
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We hide our weaknesses but we must accept the frail. To overcome dread, we need community.
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Using a modern political spectrum, categorize the politicalphilosophy of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.
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Themes and Philosophers
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Change: Aristotle, Zeno/Parmenides, Plato Being: Descartes, Plato, Aquinas |
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Aristotle and Change
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four parts: -agent (maker) -formal (name/title) -material (from what) -final (purpose) |
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Eleatics and Change (Zeno/Parmenides)
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-unchangeable (has movements but parts don't change) -change is an illusion |
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Plato and Change
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-idea/essence is unchanging -form can change |
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Descartes and Being
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-know for certain but not certainty -certain of God and our existence |
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Aquinas and Being
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-essence an existence separate -essence is potentiality for existence |
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Plato and Being
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-sensible world and world of forms -demiurge takes Oneness and makes it visible in the sensible world -idea has identity. motion, rest, being, and difference |