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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
descriptive judgement
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*a claim trying to tell you what the world is like
*"Earth revolves around the sun" *"God exists" |
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normative/prescriptive judgement
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*an attempt to portray how something ought to be
*"We should not be in the Iraqi War" *"People should have responded faster to the hurricane." |
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intrinsically
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*something has this value as a necessary part of it
*if you take value away you don't have that thing any more EX: Murder has a necessarily negative value. |
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extrinsically
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*something gains value from the relationship/condition it arises in
EX from class: Evan saving child from murderer. *Someone can gavin extrinsic value by how much they mean to someone. *lie can become positive extrinsic value (to save someone life can trump negative intrinsic value) |
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Normative Claims (6)
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1. Moral
-norms are moral -you shouldn't murder 2. Legal -speed limit is 45 mph 3. Social -pressure from society -appearance 4. Etiquette -table manners 5. Prudential -being wise; good judgements -good education 6. Provincial -type of social norm |
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inductive argument
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the premises (evidence) make the conclusion probable, but not necessary
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parallel forms
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1. all arguments have a certain form of skeletal structure
2. if one form is invalid, then any argument that uses that form is invalid |
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necessary cause
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1. if the cause is absent an effect cannot occur
EX: oxygen for fire |
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sufficient cause
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1. if the cause is present the effect will occur
EX: poison for death |
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informal fallacies - how many are there?
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1. 21 informal fallacies
2. errors related to the content or clarity of statements |
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post hoc fallacy
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1. the incorrect assumption that b/c 2 events occur together or in a time sequence, one cause the other
EX: evelyn won the race evelyn carried a rabbits foot *If she wants to win again, she has to carry that rabbits foot. |
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false dilemma
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1. black and white thinking
2. the assumption is improperly made that an issue has only 2 sides or that there are only 2 alternative choices in a situation EX: If we keep using fossil fuels, we'll kill the environment. We must switch to nuclear fuel. |
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argumentum ad ignorantiam
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1. what a person asserts is true b/c it cannot be proven otherwise
EX: You cannot prove that God does not exist. God must exist. You cannot prove that the Loch Ness Monster does not exist. The Loch Ness Monster must exist. |
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begging the question (circular argument)
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1. the argument is relies the very conclusion 1 is trying to prove
EX: Everyone should acquire knowledge. Learning is important. |
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equivocation
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1. the assignment of 2 diff. meanings to an argument's key word
EX: Nothing is better than a 2008 bentley. A 1992 Cavalier is better than nothing. A 1992 Cavalier is better than a 2008 Bentley |
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false appeal to authority
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1. a person is cited in an area outside expertise or they are cited when there is no consensus in the field
EX: Mike Huckabee tells me that the geological substratum supports Creationism over Evolution. Creationism is correct. |
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tu quoque
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1. hypocrite
2. someone cannot validly conclude what goes against her practices EX: You tell me not to smoke weed, but you tried weed when you were a teenager. So you can't tell me not to smoke it |
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naturalistic fallacy
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1. assumes that b/c something is true, it ought to be true
EX: for centuries, cultures have exposed unwanted babies. We have no right to intervene with their culture |
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gambler's fallacy
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1. departures from what happens on average corrected in the short run
EX: Giuseppe's coin has come up heads 10 times in a row. He will probably get tails on the next flip. |
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straw man fallacy
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1. arbitrarily reducing an argument to an overly simple and flawed thesis
EX: You say you're against the Iraq War, but you voted to fund it. You're really for the Iraq war. |
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slippery slope
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1. one "innocent" decision/action is assumed to ultimately result in something undesirable
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Consequence of evidence
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A strong Christian nation, historically, has had fewer major crimes Christianity must be true.
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Genetic fallacy
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1. identification of the source of a claim is taken evidence for or against a claim
EX: Your parents taught you that sex before marriage is wrong. That just comes for their religion; Religions are intolerant. Therefore, sex before marriage is not wrong. |
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anecdotalism
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1. misleading vividness
EX: My Taurus sucks. All Tauruses suck. |
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On what date did philosophy begin
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The solar eclipse
*May 23, 585 *Thales |
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Why is a prediction of an eclipse considered the beginning of philosophy?
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1. truth independent of inspiration
2. proved itself |
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What did presocratics give us?
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1. truth comes from everyone
2. truth comes by regular experiences |
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What is Thale's basic philosophical contributions?
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Thought everything came from water
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What is axaximenes basic philosophical contributions?
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Everything comes from air.
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Xenophanes philosophical contributions
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1. points out each cultures god looks suspiciously like the ppl in those cultures
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Gods must be:
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1. omniscient
2. eternal 3. immutable |
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Pythagoras
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1. all life was kin; all humans/animals are =
2. cosmos viewed as #; harmonies relationships 3. discovered math relationships in geometry/music *BODYS ARE TOMBS FOR THE SOUL |