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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Compression rock stress
|
folds, reverse and thrust faults
|
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Tension rock stress
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normal faults
|
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Shearing rock stress
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faulting along planes
|
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What are the three types of rock stress?
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compression, tension and shearing
|
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Strike and dip
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-measure orientation of rocks
-strike:horizontal plane -dip:vertical plane |
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Monocline
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One sided bends, slight bend in strata
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Anticline
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up arched folds, bend upward make an arch, frown face
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Syncline
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down arch, smiley face
|
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Joint
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fractures with no displacement of rock
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Dome
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rock layers dip upward,get older from outside in.
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Basin
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dip downwards towards the center
|
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Exotic Terrane
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separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
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Principle of Isostasy
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mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
|
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Davis Mountains
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Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
|
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Cascade Mts.
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Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
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Grand Tetons
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N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
|
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Smoky Mt/Appalachian
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Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
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Rocky Mt.
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-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
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____ of movement
____ of movement and ____ of material being moved 3 characteristics of Mass Wasting |
Rate, Type, Type
|
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Basin
|
dip downwards towards the center
|
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Exotic Terrane
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separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
|
Principle of Isostasy
|
mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
|
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Davis Mountains
|
Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
|
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Cascade Mts.
|
Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
|
Grand Tetons
|
N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
|
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Smoky Mt/Appalachian
|
Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
|
Rocky Mt.
|
-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
|
____ content, ____ cover, geology and ____ stability influence mass wasting
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water, vegatative, slope
|
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Basin
|
dip downwards towards the center
|
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Exotic Terrane
|
separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
|
Principle of Isostasy
|
mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
|
|
Davis Mountains
|
Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
|
|
Cascade Mts.
|
Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
|
Grand Tetons
|
N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
|
|
Smoky Mt/Appalachian
|
Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
|
Rocky Mt.
|
-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
|
___ Fall and ____
Flows ___clays Soli___ Creeps |
rock, slides
Quick fluction |
|
Rock falls and Slides:
Talus: occurs along ___ canyons, ____ and ____ |
steep , cliffs and roadcuts
|
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Rock falls and Slides:
Slumps: move along ___ surface |
curved
|
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Flows Types:
Mudflows: __% silt and __% water |
50, 30
follow existing channels |
|
Flows Types:
Debris Flows:___ size particles |
hardly any water, not confined to pre-existing channels
|
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Flows Types:
Earth Flows: ____ from upper part of hillside |
slumps
|
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Quickclays: ____ liquification
|
sponteous liquification
|
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Solifluction: slow downslope movement of ___ saturated in surface ____
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water, sediment
|
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Creeps: _____ destructive, ___ ,____ to control
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extremely, slowest, difficult
|
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Complex movements:
___ flow ___ avalanche |
several recognized movement types are involved in mass movement
|
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Rock falls and Slides:
Talus: occurs along ___ canyons, ____ and ____ |
steep , cliffs and roadcuts
|
|
___ Fall and ____
Flows ___clays Soli___ Creeps |
Rock, slides
quick fluction |
|
Rock falls and Slides:
Slumps: move along ___ surface |
curved
|
|
Flows Types:
Mudflows: __% silt and __% water |
50, 30
follow existing channels |
|
Flows Types:
Debris Flows:___ size particles |
hardly any water, not confined to pre-existing channels
|
|
Flows Types:
Earth Flows: ____ from upper part of hillside |
slumps
|
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Quickclays: ____ liquification
|
sponteous liquification
|
|
Solifluction: slow downslope movement of ___ saturated in surface ____
|
water, sediment
|
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Creeps: _____ destructive, ___ ,____ to control
|
extremely, slowest, difficult
|
|
Complex movements
|
several recognized movement types are involved in mass movement
|
|
Basin
|
dip downwards towards the center
|
|
Exotic Terrane
|
separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
|
Principle of Isostasy
|
mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
|
|
Davis Mountains
|
Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
|
|
Cascade Mts.
|
Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
|
Grand Tetons
|
N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
|
|
Smoky Mt/Appalachian
|
Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
|
Rocky Mt.
|
-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
|
____ content, ____ cover, geology and ____ stability influence mass wasting
|
water, vegatative, slope
|
|
____ of movement
____ of movement and ____ of material being moved 3 characteristics of Mass Wasting |
Rate, Type, Type
|
|
Minimize Mass Wasting:
____ stability ___ ____ control measures |
slope stability maps: where to place things
water control measures: drain high areas |
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Crater
|
depression on top volcanoe
bowl shaped filled with water/other |
|
Calderas
|
collapse of the roof of magma chamber
|
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Diatremes
|
breccia filled volcanic pipes formed by gas explosions
|
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Resurgent Caldera
|
The largest of all volcanic eruptions,
They are produced when large pools of viscous rhyolitic magma explode to the surface. |
|
Kimberlite Pipes
|
Diamonds
|
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Hawaiian Eruption:
___ violent ___ fluid ___ & AA ___ less pyroclastic material |
non violent
very Pahoehoe 1/2 |
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Fissure Eruption:
Occur at ___ ___ violent |
MORs
non-violent |
|
Strombolian Eruptions:
_____ explosion eruptions ___ gases occur every ___ minutes ____ become rounded |
intermittent
volcanic, few volcanic bombs |
|
Phreatic Eruption:
___ lava ejection ___ amounts of ash ___ eruption ___ famous eruption caused by ___ |
minimal
intense violent groundwater Krakatoa |
|
Vulcanian Eruption:
___ explosive ___ loud explosive ___ clearing vent |
very
extremely throat |
|
Plinian Eruption:
most ___ of eruption ___ flows and lahars and volcanic ___ common Mt. ___ Mt. St. ___ |
violent
Pyroclastic, domes Vesuvius Helens |
|
Most Abundant volcanic gases:
___ vapor ___ dioxide ___ dioxide |
water
carbon sulfur |
|
Less Abundent Volcanic gases:
____ sulfide, chloride, flouride ___ ___ monoxide |
hydrogen
helium carbon |
|
Various Volvanic Hazards:
___ & ___ |
lahar: rock and water fragment
tsunami: large seismic wave |
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Hotspots move over ___
|
plates
|
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Hawaiian Islands:
|
1. Kohala
2. Mauna Kea 3. Hualalai 4. Mauna Loa 5. Kilauea |
|
The oldest rocks on Kauai and Hawaii are ___ years old
|
5.5 myo
|
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Loihi Seamount:
next ___ in Hawaiian Chain |
island
|
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A geyser is a ____ that periodically erupt, throwing water into the air.
|
hot spring
|
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Heat for geysers come from ______ near the surface of the earth.
|
heated rock
|
|
Three components of Geyser:
______ of water ______ heat source ______ plumbing system |
abundent supply
adequate unique |
|
Yellowstone Nat'l Park Geysers:
active ___ dormant ___ extinct ___ |
513
164 7 |
|
Cone Geyser:
____ cone indicates older shoot water ___ or more in air |
larger
10s of ft |
|
Fountain Geyser:
____ on surface that fills before eruption geysers erupt ____ |
pool
all around |
|
Fumaroles
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hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface
|
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Mud Pot
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sulfuric acid dissolves nearby rock making wet muddy clay.
|
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Famous Upper Geyser Basin Geysers:
___ Pool ___ Geyser ___ Geyser Old ___ Geyser |
crested
grand daisy faithful |
|
Crested Pool Geyser:
___ type fatal b/c____ |
pool
killed one human |
|
Grand Geyser:
___ types Interval around 8-__ hrs height 150-___ ft duration __-12 min. |
fountain
12 180 10 |
|
Daisy Geyser:
___ type 120-___ min __-75 ft |
cone
200 60 |
|
Old Faithful Geyser:
___ type 35- ___ min avg time btwn eruptions ___ __- 184 ft |
cone
110 90 |
|
Echinus Geyser:
__ type 80- __ ft 5 and __ min |
fountain
125 15 |
|
Steamboat Geyser:
___ geyser in Norris Basin ___ type maj. erupt soar ___ ft 4 days- __yr |
tallest
cone 400 50 |
|
Body Waves:
___ waves ___ waves |
P
S |
|
P waves
(primary) |
fastest: 6k/m sec
travel through solids, liquids and gases in all directions |
|
S waves
(secondary) |
slower than p 3.5km/s
travel through solids shear/transverse waves |
|
Surface Waves:
___ & ___ waves |
L
R |
|
L waves
(love or long) |
travel below grounds surface
slower than body waves horiz. transverse manner |
|
R waves
(Raleigh) |
move earth in an elliptical or vertical manner
|
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Focus
|
point within earth where faulting begins
|
|
epicenter
|
point directly above the focus on the surface of the earth
|
|
___ # of seismographs needed
|
3
|
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Elastic Rebound Theory:
|
rocks bend until strength of rock is exceeded.
energy released |
|
Seismographs
|
record earthquake events
|
|
Seismologist
|
scientist who studies earthquakes and seismic waves
|
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Tsunami
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series of siesmic waves get generated when water in lake or ocean is rapidly displaced on massive scale
|
|
What various geologic events can cause Tsunamis to form?
|
1. Earthquakes
2. Landslides 3. Volcanic Eruptions 4. Meteorite Impacts |
|
Why does a tsunami grow as it gets closer to shore?
|
displace water from bottom of ocean basin where displacement of fault occurs.
|
|
Sumatra Tsunami: Dec. 04
___ rating subduction zone at ___ and ___ plates ___ below sea level earth wobble ___ cm |
9.15
India and Burma 18.6 2.5 |
|
What does DART stand for?
|
Deep ocean
Assessment and Report of Tsunamis |
|
1960 Chili Earthquake: largest
___ rating 2,000 ___ $___ damage |
9.5
killed 550 mill |
|
1964 Prince William Sound: 2nd largest
___ rating Good ___ ___ in Anchorage ___ formed |
9.2
Friday landslides tsunamis |
|
1906 The Great SF earthquake:
__ rating san __ fault $___ damage ___ burned for days |
8.3
andreas 400 million fires |
|
New Madrid, Missouri Earthquake
|
more earthquakes than any other part of the us
|
|
Shield Volcano:
___ or fattest Mt. ____ |
largest
Kilauea |
|
Cinder Cone Volcano:
____ single ___ ___ shaped crater at summit ___ , NM |
simplest
vent bowl Bahara |
|
Composite/Stratovolcano:
most ___ multiple ___ viscous ____ Mt. St. ___ |
complex
vents lava Helens |
|
destructive
|
heavy furniture falls
walls crumble |
|
very strong
|
ppl fall over
walls crack |
|
Strong
|
nearly every1 feels
light furniture falls over |
|
Great
|
8
|
|
Rare Great
|
9
|
|
Major
|
7
|
|
Strong
|
6
|
|
Mico quake
|
1
|
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Very Minor
|
2
|
|
Minor
|
3
|
|
VEI 0: non explosive
|
10 tho. m of lava and ash
kileaua eruption |
|
VEI 1: gentle eruption
|
100g/1mill lava and ash
strombolian eruption |
|
VEI 2: explosive eruption
|
1 mill-10 mill of lava and ash
vulcanian eruption |
|
VEI 4: Catacylsmic Eruption
|
1 bill lava and ash
weak Plinian eruption |
|
VEI 5: Paroxysmal Eruption
|
10 bill lava and ash
Mt st helens |
|
VEI 6: Colossal Eruption
|
100 bill lava and ash
Krakatoa and Vesuvius |
|
VEI 7: Super Collossal Eruption
|
1 trillion lava and ash
tambora |
|
VEI 8: Mega Collossal Eruption
|
10 trill lava and ash
Yellowstone 2mya |