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356 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structuralism |
Our consciousness can be broken down into its essential elements |
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Functionalism |
Our consciousness serves an adaptive purpose by helping us survive |
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Introspection |
Part of structuralism, personal observation of our own thoughts and feelings |
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Positive Psychology |
The study of positive emotions, character traits, and the enabling institutions" |
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Clinical Psychology |
Assessment and Treatment of abnormal behavior |
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Developmental Psychology |
Looks at how organisms develop and grow throughout their lifetimes |
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Social Psychology |
Helping behaviors, compliance, stereotypes, group behavior, agression, schemas, and attraction |
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Industrial Psychology |
Selection and performance evaluation |
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Organizational Psychology |
Teamwork, Leadership, and Motivation |
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Personality Psychology |
Looks at consistency of behavior over time |
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Biological Psychology /Neuroscience |
Hormones, Neuro-functioning, Genetic Info |
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Quantitative Psychology |
How we analyze data and make sense of it |
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Cognitive Psychology |
Look at the role of behavior information and processing |
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1st Step of Research |
Development of a Question |
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2nd Step of Research |
Formation of a Hypothesis |
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3rd Step of Research |
Designing a Study to Test Hypothesis |
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4th Step of Research |
Collect Data |
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5th Step of Research |
Analyze Data |
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6th Step of Research |
Report the Findings |
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Population |
Ultimate group we want to apply findings towards |
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Sample |
Group being studied |
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Generalization |
Needs to represent a more broad population |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Observing behavior as it naturally occurs |
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Pros of Naturalistic Observation |
We can observe nature as it occurs |
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Cons of Naturalistic Observation |
May be expensive and time consuming |
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Survey Method |
Polling a sample |
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Pros of Survey Method |
Inexpensive, Large groups of people |
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Cons of Survey Method |
Responses could be untruthful, attitude-behavior inconsistency |
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Case Study |
A massing of information about an individual or a group |
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Pros of Case Study |
A lot more detail, saving money |
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Cons of Case Study |
Time consuming with one individual, Control, generalization |
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Correlational Research |
How two or more variables relate to each other |
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Positive Correlation |
Variables are moving in the same direction |
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Negative Correlation |
Variables are moving in opposite directions |
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3rd Variable |
A factor that could affect the result that was not being tested |
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Independent Variable |
Variable being controlled and changed |
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Dependent Variable |
Variable that is being measured |
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Moderators |
Occur before experiment, show "when" a treatment works |
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Mediators |
Occur during experiment, show "how" a treatment works |
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Quasi Experimental Design |
Subjects cannot be randomly assigned |
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Components of the Central Nervous System |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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Somatic Peripheral Nervous System |
Control of body movements |
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Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System |
Unconscious Actions, Heart Rate, Urination, Sexual Desires |
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Dendrite |
Receives Information |
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Nucleus |
"brain" of nerve cell |
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Soma |
Body of Nerve Cell |
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Axon |
Sends signal from soma to axon terminal |
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Myelin Sheath |
Guards Axon |
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Axon Terminal |
Sends information to dendrites of another nerve cell |
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Synapse |
Space between axon terminal and dendrites that information is shot across |
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Afferent Neurons |
Sends signals towards the brain |
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Efferent Neurons |
Sends signals away from the brain |
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Positive Skew |
When data mean shifts to the left |
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Negative Skew |
When data mean shifts to the right |
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Inferential Statistics |
Using statistical techniques to determine if differences between groups is real or due to chance |
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Medulla |
Controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure |
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Cerebellum |
Controls Fine Motor Skills,Coordination, Walking |
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Thalamus |
Relays sensory information, touch, sight, sound, taste |
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Hypothalamus |
"pleasure center", sex, stress response, appetitive behaviors |
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Limbic System |
Contains Amygdala and Hippocampus |
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Amygdala |
Threat Sensor, Aggression Center |
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Hippocampus |
Make memories and stores them in Short Term |
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Frontal Lobe |
Judgement, Reasoning, Problem Solving |
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Parietal Lobe |
Processes the body's sensory information |
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Perseveration |
Repeating an action |
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Interpersonal Stickiness |
Not being able to pick up social cues |
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Logorrhea |
Too many words |
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Occipital Lobe |
Interprets Visual Information |
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Temporal Lobe |
Sounds and Language Center |
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Apaxia |
Mind and Body Disconnection |
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome |
Individual is very Docile and Tame |
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Prader-Willis Syndrome |
Individual does not get the "full" signal when eating |
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Experimental Research |
Methodology that works to eliminate allalternative explanations under carefully controlled conditions |
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Pros of Experimental Design |
Highly Controlled, Most powerful for determining causation |
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Cons of Experimental Design |
Artificial, Ecological Validity |
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Sampling Bias |
Bias in self report |
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Experimenter Bias |
Researcher subconsciously influences results |
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Remedies for Bias |
Placebos, Experimental Blinding, Replication |
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Schizophrenia |
Disease caused by increase of dopamine and can cause hallucinations |
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Multiple Sclerosis (Demyelination) |
Auto immune disease in which the body destroys its own myelin sheaths |
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Interneurons |
Allow for complex actions |
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Sodium Potassium Pump |
Polarization of cells, 2 potassiums for three sodiums |
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Action Potentials |
When ions cross the neuron wall, all or nothing principle. 55mlhz causes signal to be sent |
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Refractory Period |
Period after action potential is sent cannot be sent again for a few moments |
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Excitatory Neurotransmitters |
Increases probability of action potential |
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitters |
Sends signals across the synapse |
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Acetylcholine |
Helps memory, ability to learn, and some motor functions |
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Alzheimer's Disease |
Lack of acetylcholine in neurons |
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Dopamine |
Brain's reward center |
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Parkinson's Disease |
Too little dopamine |
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Sertonin |
Controls mood, sleep |
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Anxiety and Depression |
Too little serotonin causes mood disorders |
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Agonists |
mimic neurotransmitters |
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Antagonists |
block neurotransmitters |
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Reuptake |
blocks axon terminal |
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Cerebral Hypoplasia |
affects motor skills, cerebellum is not fully developed |
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Prosopagnosia |
inability to recognize faces due to damage in the Occipital Lobe and Temporal Lobe |
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Anton-Babinksi Syndrome |
Cortical Blindness where suffers claim they can actually see |
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Motor Cortex |
Strip in the back of the frontal lobe that controls the output of motor activity |
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Sensory Cortex |
Strip at front of Parietal Lobe that controls the output of sensory information |
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Visual Cortex |
Lobe at the back of the brain and occipital lobe that controls the output of visual activity |
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Auditory Cortex |
Lobe in the middle of the temporal lobe that controls the output of auditory information |
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Aphasia |
Difficulty in producing or expressing speech |
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Broca's Area |
Part of the brain in charge of speech production |
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Wernicke's Area |
Part of the brain in charge of comprehension of speech |
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Dyslexia |
Damage to Broca's Area that can cause difficulty in speech or transposing sounds |
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Angular Gyrus |
Part of the brain associated with complex language functions |
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Left Hemisphere |
Half of the brain in charge of Language and Verbal Abilities |
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Right Hemisphere |
Half of the brain in charge of Spatial and Contextual Skills |
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Sympathetic |
Type of Peripheral Nervous System that releases adrenaline and is involved in fight or flight |
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Parasympathetic |
Type of Peripheral Nervous System that relaxes the body and de-stresses the body |
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Anxiety |
Disorder attributed to an over active sympathetic nervous system |
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Sensation |
The ability to detect and take in information from the environment |
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Perception |
To ability to to give meaning to what we sense |
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Transduction |
The process of converting a stimulus into a nerve impulse |
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Bottom-Up Process |
Stimulus driven process |
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Top-Down Process |
Ability to interpret stimuli process |
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Wave Amplitude |
Physical Dimension of Light waves that corresponds to brightness |
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Wave Length |
Physical Dimension of Light waves that corresponds to color |
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Cornea |
Protects eye from germs, covers iris and pupil |
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Pupil |
Hole in which light enters the eye |
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Iris |
Controls how much light enters the eye, contracts or dilates pupil |
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Lens |
Focuses light into the retina, acts like a camera |
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Retina |
Lining in the back of the eye that helps us see |
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Rods |
Photoreceptors in the outer retina that helps us see in dark light, night vision |
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Cones |
Photoreceptors in the center retina that helps us see colors and brightness |
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Near Sighted |
Condition in which the lens focuses light in front of the retina |
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Far Sighted |
Condition in which the lens focuses light behind the retina |
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Presbyopia |
Condition in which the eye loses it elasticity over time and becomes far sighted |
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Fovea |
Central part of Retina |
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Ganglion Cells |
Neuron cell on the inner surface of retina, receives information from photoreceptors |
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Bipolar Cells |
Transmit signals from ganglion cells to photoreceptors |
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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory |
Theory that there are three types of cones sensitive to various wavelengths (Red, Green, Blue) |
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Opponent Process Theory |
Theory that every cone has opponent cells that see opposite colors |
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Color Blindness |
Condition when a person may only have one or two types of cones as opposed to threes |
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Optic Chiasm |
Space where optic nerves cross in the brain |
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Pinna |
Outer Ear |
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Auditory Canal |
Canal that connects pinna to inner ear |
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Tympanic Membrane |
Divides external ear from inner ear |
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Ossicles |
Three small bones that are connected and transmit sound waves to inner ear |
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Cochela |
Curled tube in ear that contains the nerves for hearing |
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Basilar Membrane |
Membrane inside cochlea that has tiny hairs |
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Auditory Nerve |
Nerve that sends sound signals to temporal lobe |
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Malleus |
First bone inside ear (also called the hammer) |
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Incus |
Second bone inside ear (also called the anvil) |
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Stapes |
Third bone inside ear (also called the stirrup) |
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Semicircular Ducts |
Ducts that are filled with fluids that send information of balance to the brain |
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Eustacian Tube |
Drains fluid from ear to throat or back of the nose |
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130dB |
Threshold of pain (in decibels) |
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Neural Deafness |
Damage to Cochlea or to the hair cells in Cochlea |
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Oval Window |
Where Stapes connects to the Cochlea |
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Conduction Deafness |
Involves damage to the mechanical systems thatamplifies sound waves |
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Frequency Theory |
Theory that hair cells replicate the frequency of a certain sound |
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Place Theory |
Theory in which the brain understands pitch is based on what part of the Basilar membrane has the most neural activity |
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McGurk Effect |
Occurs when auditory component of one sound is paired with a visual component of a different sound |
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Delusions |
Odd or inappropriate interpretations of things |
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Capgras Syndrome |
Neurological Condition where familiar people in your environment are imposters |
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Gestalt Principles |
Built-in tendencies to organize incoming sensoryinformation |
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Figure |
What is prominent in the visual field |
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Ground |
Less noticeable object |
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Inattentional Blindness |
When you miss seeing something in plain sight |
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Reversible FIgures |
Being able to switch back and forth between figure and ground |
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Weak Central Coherence |
Refers to the fact when someone with Autism looks at an image, that focus on the details but not the big picture |
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Gestalt Cues |
Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, and Connectedness are Top Down ________ _____ |
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Autism |
A disorder where people sometimes cannot form Gestalt Principles |
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Proximity |
Gestalt Principle that says nearby figures are grouped together |
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Similarity |
Gestalt Principle that says objects that look or act the same are grouped together |
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Continuity |
Gestalt Principle that says we perceive smooth and continuous patterns rather than discontinuous patterns |
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Closure |
Gestalt Principle that says we perceptually fill in the gaps |
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Connectedness |
Gestalt Principle that says we perceive connected objects as a single grop |
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Binocular Cues |
Vision taken in by two eyes, Depth perception |
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Monocular Cues |
Vision that only requires one eye. Size, texture, gradient, height, etc |
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Convergence |
The degree to which eyes turn in to a focus on a close object |
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Retinal Disparity |
A slight difference in the apparent position as seen by left and right retinas |
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Overlap |
If one object partially covers another, we perceive it as closer |
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Relative Size |
If two objects are the same size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller image on our retina as farther away |
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Texture Gradient |
When texture is more detailed, the object is closer to the retina |
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Relative Height |
Objects that are high in the visual field are assumed to be farther away |
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Relative Motion |
Objects that move past you faster are assumed to be closer |
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Linear Perspective |
The farther away parallel lines are, the closer they become together |
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Relative Brightness |
Objects that are farther away tend to be darker |
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Entrainment |
Process of resetting the biological clock |
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus |
A pair of small nuclei in the hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms |
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Pineal Gland |
Small gland in the brain that produces melatonin |
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Zeitgebers |
External cues we use to reset our biological clock |
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Circadian Rhythm |
Body's biological clock |
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Melatonin |
Neurotransmitter that increases sleepiness |
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Electroencephalogram |
Machine that records brains spontaneous electrical activity |
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Alpha Waves |
Brain Waves released when the Brain is awake, Slower than waves emitted during sleep. |
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REM Sleep |
Transition stage of sleep, rapid eye movement. |
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Theta Waves |
Fast Brain Waves released when you are drowsy and sleepy |
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Beta Waves |
Brain waves released during REM and when a person is concentrated |
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Delta Waves |
Brain waves that start to be released as deep sleep occurs |
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1st Stage of Sleep |
When a person starts to fall asleep, slowing heart rate, slowing of breathing rate. Easily woken up. |
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2nd Stage of Sleep |
Person is officially asleep. |
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3rd Stage of Sleep |
Person enters deep sleep and begins to emit Delta waves |
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4th Stage of Sleep |
Can observe sleep walking and sleep talking |
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5th Stage of Sleep |
Rapid Eye movement sleep, Transition to lighter sleep. Dreams occur. |
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Paradoxical Sleep |
When a person is asleep but their brain waves reflect a person who is awake, REM Sleep |
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Hypnopompic Hallucinations |
Unusual sensory phenomena experienced just before or during awakening. |
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Hypnogogic Hallucinations |
Mental phenomena that occur during this "threshold consciousness" phase include lucid thought, lucid dreaming, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. |
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Narcolepsy |
Sudden onset of sleepiness or drowsiness |
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Cataplexy |
Low levels of hypocretin |
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Hypocretin |
Neurotransmitter produced by the hypothalamus and functional in the regulation of appetite and sleep. |
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Sleep Apnea |
A potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. |
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Insomnia |
A condition when falling asleep and waking up are difficult. Symptoms of depression and anxiety |
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REM Behavior Disorder |
Lack of muscle paralysis during REM and causes sufferers to act out their dreams |
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Sleep Walking |
Occurs during the first half of sleep where a person walks around or does an activity while still asleep |
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Fatal Familial Insomnia |
A person who begins to lose the ability to sleep as they age |
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Latent Content |
Hidden Psychological Meaning of a Dream |
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Manifest Content |
Actual Content of the Dream |
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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis |
Hypothesis that dreams mean nothing |
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Hypnosis |
Systematic Procedure that produces a heightened stateof suggestibility |
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Disinhibition |
Lack of restraint and disregard for social conventions |
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State Theory |
Hypnosis does produce a different state of consciousness |
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Social Role Theory |
Subject is doing what he or she believes is appropriate in this situation, social conventions |
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Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness |
Consciousness is divided into two streams, one focuses on hypnotist and one is aware of everything else |
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Hidden Observer |
Stream of consciousness that focuses on everything other than the hypnotist |
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Trance Logic |
The ability to entertain two mutually inconsistent ideas at the same time |
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Buddha |
"The Awakened One" |
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Focused Attention |
Focusing on a specific object, sound, or experience |
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Open Monitoring |
Looking at the contents of your thoughts in a non-judgmental way |
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Substance Abuse |
Self-administration of drugs in a way thatdeviates from a culture’s norms |
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Substance Dependence |
When a person needs a drug to function normally |
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Psychological Dependence |
Thoughts that you cannot function without the drug |
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Physical Dependence |
My body will react negatively if I do not take the drug |
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Tolerance |
Greater amounts of the drug are needed to achieve the same effect |
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Withdrawal |
Intense craving for the drug and negative physicalexperiences after the drug is taken away from the person |
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Sedatives |
Drug class that slows down the activity of the nervous system |
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GABA |
Neurotransmitter that slows down the nervous system |
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Alcohol |
Drug class that affects GABA and Glutamate neurotransmitters and impacts prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and medulla |
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Glutamate |
Neurotransmitter that excites the nervous system |
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Stimulants |
Drug class that increases alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time |
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Learning |
A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience |
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Classical Conditioning |
Learning in which a stimulus evokes a response that is typically evoked by a different stimulus |
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Unconditioned Behaviors |
Behaviors that occur without learning |
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Condition |
Behavior or stimulus that must be learned |
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Acquisition Stage |
Taking a stimulus that will not illicit a response and adding a stimulus that will illicit a response to try and condition response to original stimulus |
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Conditioned Stiumulus |
Stimulus that was originally neutral but when associated with unconditioned stimulus it starts to illicit a response |
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
Stimulus that automatically triggers a reaction |
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Extinction |
Presenting only the conditioned stimulus |
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Renewal Effect |
Response that is extinguished in a new context, reappears in the old context |
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Generalization (Learning) |
Producing the same conditioned response to a similar conditioned stimulus |
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Discrimination |
Conditioned response only in presence of some stimulus but not to all |
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Higher-Order Conditioning |
Conditioned stimulus functions like an unconditioned stimulus |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
Reoccurrence of conditioned response when they haven't seen the conditioned stimulus in a while |
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Forward Conditioning |
Conditioned Stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus |
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Predictability |
Conditioned stimulus is always associated with an unconditional stimulus. Don't tease them |
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Signal Strength |
Depends on the values of the conditioned stimulus |
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Attention |
Being aware of the environment, subject must be aware of unconditioned stimulus |
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Aversive Conditioning |
Avoiding things that have negative responses |
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Taste Aversion |
Aversive conditioning specifically related to taste (i.e. Food poisoning). Very hard to extinguish |
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Evaluative Conditioning |
A change in liking something associated with either a positive or negative experience |
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Antabuse |
Drug that makes you vomit when exposed to alcohol |
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Exposure |
Exposing someone with a phobia to the thing they are afraid of and they are prevented from escaping |
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Systematic Desensitization |
Trying to take association of fear with something and replace it with an alternative reaction |
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Operant Conditioning |
The behavior operates on the environment to produce a reward or punishment |
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The Law of Effect |
Behaviors that are reinforced will reoccur |
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Positive Reinforcement |
Rewarding a good behavior |
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Primary Positive Reinforcers |
Have natural, biological, primary value |
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Secondary Positive Reinforcers |
Aquire their value through association with primary reinforcers |
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Negative Reinforcement |
Punishing a negative behavior |
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Punishment |
Needs to be consistent, immediate, explained, and salient |
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Escape Learning |
A response that ends an aversive stimulus |
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Avoidance Learning |
A response that prevents an aversive stimulus |
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Extinction (Conditioning) |
Removing the reinforcers |
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Shaping |
Reinforcing steps of a behavior |
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Continuous Reinforcement Schedule |
Reinforcing a behavior every time it happens |
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Fixed Interval Schedule |
Reinforcing someone after a set interval of time has passed (Paychecks) |
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Variable Interval Schedule |
Reinforcing someone after a varied interval of time has passed (Pop Quizes) |
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Fixed Ratio Schedule |
Reinforcing someone after a set amount of responses has passed (Selling magazines for school) |
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Variable Ratio Schedule |
Reinforcing someone after a varied amount of responses has passed |
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Observational Learning |
People learn by observing others |
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Vicarious Conditioning |
Learning by observing the consequences that happen to others |
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Encoding |
Code and put into memory |
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Storage |
Maintain in memory |
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Retrieval |
Recover from memory |
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Visual Code |
Coding visual stimuli and remembering visual images |
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Acoustic Code |
Coding auditory stimuli and remembering sounds |
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Semantic Coding |
Coding senses with deep context |
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Short-Term Memory |
Sensory information that deteriorates over an amount of time |
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Long-Term Memory |
Ability to hold information for a long period of time |
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Sensory Memory |
Holding large amounts of incoming information for a very short period of time |
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Iconic Memory |
Sensory information for visual information, transmits as visual code |
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Echoic Memory |
Sensory information for auditory information, transmits as acoustic code |
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Recall |
Re-accessing events from or stimuli from the past |
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Shallow Level of Processing |
Visual processing |
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Intermediate Level of Processing |
Acoustic processing |
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Deep Level of Processing |
Semantic processing |
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Dual Coding Theory |
The more codes you use to learn something, the better it will be retained |
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Short Term Memory Capacity |
7 terms +/- 2 |
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Short Term Memory Duration |
About 20 Seconds with no rehearsal |
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Maintenance Rehearsal |
Repetitively verbalizing a piece of information |
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Elaborative Rehearsal |
Repetitively thinking of the meaning to a piece of information |
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Working Memory |
One's ability to hold and manipulate information in conscious attention (I.e. Reading) |
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Semantic Networks |
A knowledge base where closely related pieces of information are grouped together |
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Schemas |
A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them |
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Script |
Our general knowledge of the sequence of events |
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Explicit Memory |
Memory with conscious recall |
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Semantic Memory |
Memory consisting of facts and general knowledge |
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Episodic Memory |
Memory consisting of personally experienced events |
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Implicit Memory |
Memory without conscious recall |
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Procedural Memory |
Memory of motor and Cognitive Skills |
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Priming |
Memory of enhanced identification of words or objects |
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Declarative Memory |
Memory related to explicit memory |
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Procedural Memory |
Memory related to implicit memory |
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Retrospective Memory |
Memory for past events |
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Prospective Memory |
Remembering to remember to do something |
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Event Based Memory |
Remembering to do something when certain events are present |
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Time Based Memory |
Remembering to do something at a certain time |
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Serial Position Effect |
People remember best words at the beginning or end of a list |
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Primary Effect |
Tend to remember the primary objects in a list |
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Recency Effect |
Tend to remember the most recent words in a list |
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Recognition |
Type of retrieval where more cues are present |
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Environmental Reinstatement Effect |
Tend to recall information best if we return to the same environment that we learned it |
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State Dependent Effect |
Tend to recall information best when in the same emotional state as when we remembered it |
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Mood Congruent Effect |
Tend to recall information best when your mood and the emotional tone of the material are the same |
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Misinformation Effect |
Your memory is influenced by misleading information |
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Leading Question |
Question in which the answer is implied |
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Recovered Memories |
Memories that occur after you've forgotten them and a stimulus allows you to recall them |
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Repressed Memories |
Memories that are purposefully blocked |
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Source Monitoring |
Process of making inferences about the source of a memory |
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Decay |
The disappearing of a memory over time |
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Interference |
The displacement of memory with other information |
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Retroactive Interference |
New learning interferes with old |
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Proactive Interference |
Old learning interferes with new |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
The loss of memory and the subsequent inability to create new memories |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Amnesia for past events, problems with getting information into long term meory |
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Hyperthymesia |
The ability to remember everything |
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Autobiographical Memory |
Remembers all of your episodic memories |
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Flashbulb Memories |
An unusually vivd and detailed memory of an event |
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Mnemonics |
A learning device that improves remembering information |
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Method of Loci |
A method of memory enhancement which uses visualizations with the use of spatial memory, familiar information about one's environment, to quickly and efficiently recall information |
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Galton |
Scientist who was interested in splitting up people based on their intelligence and abilities |
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Alfred Binet |
Scientist who tested people's mental age |
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Mental age |
Testing to find what questions children of each age can answer |
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IQ |
Intelligence Quotient (Mental Age/ Chronological Age x 100) |
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Lewis Termon |
Brought Binet's test over to Stanford and established it as an IQ test |
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David Wechsler |
Redesigned Stanford-Binet IQ test and expanded the scope of intelligence |
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Verbal Comprehension Scale |
IQ Test: Traditional Vocabulary Skills |
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Perceptual Reasoning Scale |
IQ Test: Working on puzzles and visual challenges |
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Working Memory Scale |
IQ Test: Testing memory (chains of numbers) and Arithmetic |
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Processing Speed Scale: |
IQ Test: How quickly you can do nonverbal tests and puzzles |
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Bell Curve |
Normal Distribution of Data with Standard Deviations from the Mean |
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Deviation IQ Score |
How far your IQ deviates from a mean score of 100 |
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Psychological Test |
Systematic procedure for observing behavior in a standard situation and describing that performance with a numerical scale or categories |
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Test-Retest |
The test scores are similar no matter how many iterations of the test are given and taken |
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Split-Half |
Each section of the test are all contributing equally to the final score |
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Internal Consitency |
How similar each item on a test is to each other |
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Content Validity |
The extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct |
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Predictive Validity |
The extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure |
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External Validity |
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people |
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Heritability Estimate |
Estimate of how much of intelligence is due to genetics |
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Reaction Range |
The range of intelligence you are born with is affected by genetics and your environment |
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Flynn Effect |
A fluid growth in IQ scores from 1950 and on (predominantly nonverbal IQ scores) |
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Extreme Environments |
An extreme change in the environments a person is raised in |