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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sensation is to _________ as perception is to
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Stimulation; interpretation
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The ________ is reached when a person can detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
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Absolute threshold
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Which organ has the most receptors?
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Skin
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Which organ has the most SENSORY receptors?
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Eyes
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The clear, transparent, protective coating over the front part of the eye is the____
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Cornea
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The lining inside the eye that contains the receptor cells is called the____
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cretina
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The ability of the eye to distinguish fine details is called_________.
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Visual acuity
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The process of mixing various pigments together to create different colors is called
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Subtractive color mixing
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What theories has recent research suggest is true about sight?
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Both trichromatic and opponent process theory
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Pitch is the
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How high or low a sound is
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the snail shaped structure in the inner ear is called the
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Cochlea
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Optical illusions result from distortion in
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perception or interpretation
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The colored part of the eye containing a muscle which changes the size of the pupil is the
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Lens
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When fluid builds up in the eye and causes damage to the optic nerve and then loss of vision, the disorder is called.
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Glaucoma
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The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the _______.
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Bones in the middle ear
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In which of the following is color vision not found?
a. reptiles b. Rats c. Cats d. Monkeys |
Rats
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Inability to recognize faces
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Prosopagonia
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a type of colorblindness a person cannot see color or remember color
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achromatopsia
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Disorder where the patient behaves if they can see forms colors or motion despite the fact they are blind
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Blindsight
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Stages of sensation and perceptions
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Energy/stimuli > receptor cell > neural signal > CNS (received in brain)
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The least amount of energy detected as stimulation 50% of the time, different for each person
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absolute threshold
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The smallest change in stimulation from the absolute threshold detected 50% of the time
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difference Threshold (Just noticeable difference )
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Stimulation below the threshold of conscious awareness
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Subliminal perception
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Senses that cannot be effectively studied due to the difficulty to measure and replicate them
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extra sense perception (ESP)
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outer protection of the eye.
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Cornea
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controls how much light get in
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Pupil
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colored part of the eye
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Iris
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- adjust the focus of the eye by tensing or relaxing the muscles.
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Lens
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lining of the eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light
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retina
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area of the retina that is the center of the visual field
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Fovea
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specialized for light/dark vision, none in fovea
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Rods
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specialized for color vision, need bright light.
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Cones
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Human sight is most dependent on what for sight?
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Light (120 million rod receptors)
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Color message stages
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a. Rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve
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place where : Ganglion cells join to leave the eye
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Blind spot
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place where :Fibers separate to connect to each hemisphere
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Optic Nerve
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The actual color that is interpreted by the brain
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Hue
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Vividness or richness of a hue
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Saturation
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The Closeness to black or white of the hue
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Brightness
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Trichomatic theory describes 3 types of color receptive cones what are they?
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Red Cones,Green Cones, Blue-violet
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Explain the Trichomatic Theory
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the eye in regards to color is completely based on three colors, red green and blue. The receptors will adapt to different colors by controlling the power of the receptors. (yellow, red and green powerful but blue limited)
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Define the Opponent Process Theory
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Alternative theory; color vision that holds three sets of color receptors, Yellow-blue, green-red, black white (controls brightness) respond to determine color you experience. Called opponent process theory
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Define the pairs in the Opponent Process Theory
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Yellow-blue pairs, red-green pairs, black-white (brightness) pair
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What is the series of steps of which sound is received and interpreted to the brain
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Eardrum > hammer, anvil, stirrup > oval window > cochlea > receptors
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Define the Place theory of hearing
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Brain determines pitch by noting place on basilar membrane
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Define the Frequency theory of hearing
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Brain determines pitch by frequencies across basilar membrane
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Define the volley Principle and its relation with the Frequency theory of hearing
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Brain determines pitch by frequencies across basilar membrane
Receptors fire in specific sequences along the membrane |
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Define the steps of how smell is received and interpreted
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Oderant binding protein> (protein enters nose) olfactory epithelium > olfactory bulb (has the receptors)
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define the steps of how taste is received and interpreted
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Tongue > papillae > taste buds > sweet, sour, salty, bitter
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What are the Kinesthetic senses?
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muscle movement, posture, strain on joints
example -Stretch receptors and Golgi tendon organs |
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what are the Vestibular senses?
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Equilibrium and awareness of body position in space
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Define the Gate Theory of Pain
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Theory that a neurological gate is in the spinal cord that controls transmission of pain. The more open the gate is the more pain that can be felt
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Define the Biosychosocial theory for pain
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THe theory that the interaction of a biological psychological and cultural factors influence the intensity and duraiton of pain.
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What is a perceptual constancy?
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A tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation
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What characteristics of an observer can affect perceptual constancy?
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i. Motivation: Perceiving what we want to perceive
ii. Values: perceiving what we learn to value iii. Expectations: Perceiving what we ought to perceive iv. Cognitive style: perceiving what we’ve typically perceived v. Experience and culture: misperceiving what we haven’t perceived before vi. Personality: perceiving what individual differences lead us to perceive |
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Define the difference between Monocular cues and Binocular cues
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Cues that can be noticed with one eye are monocular but cues that need both are Binocular
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Define Physical and perceptual illusions
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i. Physical illusions
a. The distortion of information reaching the receptor cells ii. Perceptual illusions a. Misleading cues that create inaccurate or impossible perceptions i. Depth cues, reversible figures |
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Define retinal disparity
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Binocular distance cue based on the difference between the images cast on the two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object
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What is the difference between monaural and binaural cues?
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Monaural cues - sound location that requires just one ear
Binaural cue- cue to sound location that involves both ears working together |
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Define Auto kinetic illusion
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The perception that a stationary object is actually moving
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Define aerial perspective
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monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that more distant objects are likely to appear hazy and blurred
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Define linear perspective
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monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that two parallel lines seem to come together at the horizon
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Define motion parallax
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Monocular distance cue in which objects closer than the point of visual focus seem to move in the direction opposite to the viewer's moving head and objects beyond the focus point appear to move in the same direction as the viewer's head
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Define Texture gradient
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monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that objects seen at greater distances appear to be smoother and less textured
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Define stereoscopic vision
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Combination of two retinal images to give a three dimensional pereceptual experience
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Define Stroboscopic motion
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apparent movement that results from flashing a series of still pictures in rapid sucession as in motion picture
example- any movie film |
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Define Phi phenomenon
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Apparent movement caused by flashing lights in sequence as on theater marquees
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Define Perceptual illusion
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illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli that give rise to inaccurate or impossible perceptions
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Define the difference between Size shape and color constancy
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Size- perception of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed
Shape- over shape, tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter the angle viewed color- inclination to perceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes |
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Define perceptual constancy
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Tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation
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Define the difference between figures and ground
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Figures are entities that are perceived to stand out from the background while the background is what the figure appears against.
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What are the receptors that sense muscle stretch and contraction *part of the kinesthetic senses
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Stretch Receptors
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What are receptors that sense movement of the tendons which connect muscle to bone?
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Golgi tendon organs
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