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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A lasting change caused by experience.
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Learning Curve
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A graph that shows change in performance on a learning task over time.
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Associative Learning
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Learning that involves forming associations between stimuli.
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Nonassociative Learning
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Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli.
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Habituation
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A form of nonassociative learning whereby repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response.
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Sensitization
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A form of nonassociative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.
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Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning
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A form of associative learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a sailent stimulus so that eventually the neutral stimulus predicts the salient stimulus.
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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A stimulus that on its own elicits a response.
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.
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Extinction
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Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone. Learned response can be eliminated.
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Spontaneous Recovery
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re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred.
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Stimulus Generalization
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When similar stimuli elicit the same response as a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has occurred.
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Phobia
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An abnormal fear, often of a stimulus that is not inherently dangerous, that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.
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Systematic Desensitization
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A process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
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Conditioned Taste Aversion
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A form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odor or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it's paired with illness(nausea).
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Operant of instrumental conditioning
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A form of associative learning whereby behavior is modified depending on its consequences.
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Law of Effect
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behaviors leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviors producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.
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Behaviorism
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The systematic study and manipulation of observable behavior.
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Reinforcer
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An experience that produces an increase in certain behavior.
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Punishment
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unpleasurable experience that produces a decrease in certain behavior.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior.
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Negative Reinforcement
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Removal of a negative consequence as a result of behavior.
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Positive Punishment
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Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior.
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Negative Punishment
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Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavior.
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Primary Reinforcer
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Reinforcer that is intrinsically pleasurable.
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Secondary Reinforcer
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Reinforcer that is associated with primary reinforcers.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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When behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
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Intermittent or Partial Reinforcement
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A schedule of reinforcement where the behavior is only followed by reinforcement some of the time.
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Fixed Ratio Schedule
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Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
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Variable Ratio Schedule
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The number of responses required for reinforcement varies.
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Fixed Interval Schedule
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Reinforcement occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed.
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Variable Interval Schedule
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Reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time.
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Behavior Modification
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A planned effort to change behavior.
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Shaping
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Introducing a new behavior by reinforcing small approximations of the desired behavior.
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Learned Helplessness
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A situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.
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Spatial Navigation Learning
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Learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space.
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Insight Learning
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A sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.
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Observational Learning
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Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior.
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Modeling
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Mimicking others' behavior.
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Long Term Potentiation
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A form of synaptic change that involves increased activity in the postsynaptic cells after strong, repetitive stimulation.
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Stereotype Threat
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Awareness of a negative stereotype that affects oneself and often leads to impairment in performance.
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Learning Disability
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A specific deficiency in one aspect of cognitive function while other aspects function normally.
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Dyslexia
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A learning disability that involves deficits in learning to read and write.
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Dyscalculia
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An inability to readily acquire information about mathematics.
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Attention Deficit Disorder
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A disorder characterized by an inability to pay attention.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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A disorder characterized by an inability to pay attention, accompanied by excessive activity.
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