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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience.
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LEARNING
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A behavior that is elicited automatically by an environmental stimulus.
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REFLEX
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Something in the environment that elicits a response.
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STIMULUS
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The decreasing strength of a response after repeated presentations of the stimulus.
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HABITUATION
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Conditions under which one thought becomes connected, or associated, with another.
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LAWS OF ASSOCIATION
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Proposes that 2 events will be connected in the mind if they're experienced close together in time.
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LAW OF CONTIGUITY
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The first type of learning to be studied systematically.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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A reflex that occurs naturally, without prior learning.
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UNCONDITIONED REFLEX
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The stimulus that produces the response in an unconditioned reflex.
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UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
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A response that does not have to be learned.
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UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
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A stimulus that through learning, has come to evoke a conditioned response.
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CONDITIONED RESPONSE
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A learned aversion to a taste associated with an unpleasant feeling.
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CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION
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When a formerly neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes an emotional response.
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CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
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Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
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PHOBIAS
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Once an organism has learned to associate a CS with a UCS, it may respond to stimuli that resemble the CS with a similar response.
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STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
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The learned tendency to respond to a restricted range of stimuli or only the stimulus used during
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STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
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The process by which a CR is weakened by the presentation of the CS without the UCS.
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EXTINCTION
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The reemergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
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SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
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The time between presentation of the CS and the UCS.
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INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL
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The evolved tendency of some associations to be learned more readily than others.
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PREPARED LEARNING
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The tendency of a group of neurons to fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons.
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LONG TERM POTENTIATION
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Learning to operate on the environment to produce a consequence.
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OPERANT CONDITIONING
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Behaviors that are spontaneously produced rather than elicited by the environment.
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OPERANTS
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Increases the probability that a response will occur.
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REINFORCEMENT
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Diminishes the likelihood that a response will occur.
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PUNISHMENT
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Process whereby presentation of a stimulus after a behavior makes the behavior more likely to occur again.
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POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
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Process whereby termination of an aversive stimulus make a behavior more likely to occur.
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NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
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stored memories of muscle movements
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Motoric Representations
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store information in a sensory mode (dog barking or image of a city skyline)
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Sensory Representations
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information stored in words
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Verbal Representations
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immediate memory for information momentarily held in consciousness (telephone number)
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Primary Memory
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the vast store of information that is unconscious except when called back into primary memory
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Seconday Memory
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hold information about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a secod after the stimulus disappears
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Sensory Registers
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momentary memory for visual information
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Iconic Storage
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momentary memory for auditory information
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Echoic Storage
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a memory store that holds a small amount of information in consciousness for roughly 20-30 seconds; it has limited capacity
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Short-term Memory
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repeating the information over andover in your mind
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Rehearsal
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metal repetition in order to maintain information in short-term memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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actively thinking about the information while rehearsing
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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representations of facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills, and experiences may reside for as long as a lifetime
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Long-term Memory
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recovering information from long-term memory
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Retrieval
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a tendency to remember information toward the beginnning and the end of a list rather than the middle
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Serial Position Effect
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discrete but interdependent processing units responsible for different kinds of remembering
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Modules
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the temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems to repsond to environmental demands, or to achieve goals
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Working Memory
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a memory technique that uses knowledge stored in LTM to group information in larger units than single words or digits
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Chunking
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memory for facts and events
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Declarative Memory
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"how to" knowledge of procedures or skills (skill or habit memory)
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Procedural Memory
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general world knowledge or facts
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Semantic Memory
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memories of particular events
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Episodic Memory
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conscious recollection
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Explicit Memory
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memory that's expressed in behavior but does not require conscious recollection
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Implicit Memory
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the spontaneous conscious recollection of information from long-term memory
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Recall
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the person knows the information is "in there" but is not quite able to retrieve it
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Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
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the explicit sense or recollection that something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned
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Recognition
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prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information
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Priming Effects
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memory as it occurs in everyday life
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Everyday as it occurs in everyday life
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memory for things from the past
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Retrospective Memory
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memory for things that need to be done in the future
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Prospective Memory
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manipulating mental representations for a purpose
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Thinking
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visual representations
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Mental images
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representations that describe, explain, or predict they way things work
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Mental models
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groupings based on common properties
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Categories
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mental representation of a category
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Concept
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process of identifying an object as an instance of a category; recogizing similarities and dissimilarities
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Categorization
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qualities that are essential, or necessarily present, in order to classify the object as a member of a category
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Defining Features
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concepts that have properties clearly setting them apart from other concepts
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Well-defined concepts
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an abstraction across many instances of a category
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Prototype
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broadest, most inclusve level of categorization; objects share common attributes that are distinctive of the concept
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Basic level of categorization
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below basic level in which more specific attributes are shared by members of category
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Subordinate level of categorization
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process by which people generate and evaluate arguments and beliefs
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Reasoning
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reasoning from specific observations to more general propostitions
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Inductive reasoning
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logical reasoning that draws a conclusion from a set of assumptions and premises
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Deductive reasoning
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two premises that lead to a logical conlusion
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Syllogism
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the process by which people understand a novel situation in terms of a familiar one
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Analogical reasoning
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the process of transforming one situatio into another to meet a goal
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Problem solving
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the initial state, goal state, and operators are easily determined
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Well-defined problems
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unsatisfactory state
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Initial state
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state in which the problem is resolved
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Goal state
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both the information need to solve the problem and the criteria for determining when the goal has been met are vague
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Ill-defined problems
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minigoals on the way to achieving a broader goal
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Subgoals
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techniques that serve as guides for solving a problem
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Problem-solving strategies
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systematic procedures that inevitably produce a solution
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Algorithms
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imagining the steps involved in solving a problem mentally before actually undertaking them
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Mental stimulation
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the tendency for people to ignore other possible functions of an object when they have a fixed function in mind
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Functional fixedness
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the tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe
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Confirmation bias
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the process by which an individual weighs the pros and cons of different alternatives in order to make a choice
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Decision making
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combined measure of the importance of an attribute and the extent to which a given option satissfies it
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Weighted utility value
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combined judgment of the weighted utility and the expected probability of obtaining that outcome
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Expected utility
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cognition that involves conscious manipulation of representations
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Explicit cognition
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cognitive shortcuts for selecting among alternatives without carefully considering each one
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Heuristics
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people categorize by matching the similarity of an object to a prototype but ignore information about its probability of occurring
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Representativeness Heuristic
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people infer the frequency of something on the basis of how readily it comes to mind
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Availability Heuristic
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people are rational within the bounds imposed by their environment, goals, and abilities
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Bounded rationality
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cognition outside of awareness
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Implicit cognition
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asserts that most cognitive processes occur simultaneously through the action of multiple activated networks
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Connectionism (PDP)
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the tendency to settle on a cognitive solution that satisfies as many constraints as possible in order to achieve the best fit to data
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Constraint satisfaction
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plays central role in working memory and explicit manipulations of representation
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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
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helps people use their emotional reactions to guide decision making and behavior
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Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
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the system of symbols, sounds, meanings, and rules for their combination that constitutes the primary mode of communication among humans
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Language
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idea that language shapes thoughts
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Whorfian hyothesis of linguistic relativity
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smallest units of sound that constitute speech
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Phonemes
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smallest units of meaning in laguage
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Morphemes
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groups of words that act as a unit can convey meaning
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Phrases
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organized sequence of words that expires a thought or intention
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Sentences
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rules that govern the placement of words and phrases in a sentence
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Syntax
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a system for generating acceptable language utterances and identifying unacceptable ones
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Grammar
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the rules that govern the meanings of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences
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Semantics
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the way language is used and understood in everyday life
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Pragmatics
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the way people ordinarily, speak, hear, read and write in interconnected sentences
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Discourse
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a variety of signals: body language, gestures, touch, physical distance, facial expressions, and nonverbal vocalizations
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Nonverbal communication
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