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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Psychology?
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The science of behavior and mental processes
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Observable actions of a person or animal
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Behavior
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Thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives, and other subjective experiences.
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Mind
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An objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods
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Science
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Goals of psychology School
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To describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.
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Structuralism School
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Edward Titchener and Wilhel wundt: 1)Goal was to identify basic structures/elements of conscious thought. 2 used introspection technique
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Functionalism School
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William James: 1) focused on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment 2) used descriptive approaches 3) school later evolved into cognitive and evolutionary perspectives
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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Views behavior based on unconscious aspects of our mind
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Psychoanalytic School
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Drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior
2) early childhood experiences 3) Behavior reflecets interactions of conscious and unconscious influences |
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Behavioral Perspective
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View of behavior based on experience or learning
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Behaviorism School
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John Watson 1) Behaviors are learned/shaped as a product of our interaction with the environment 2) conditioned through various forms of reinforcement and punishment as consequences 3) focus on observable behavior and scientific study
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Humanistic Perspective
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View of behavior based on personal growth and conscious self perception
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Humanistic School
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Carl Rogers 1) Behaviors are influenced by our self-concept/beliefs
2) can exercise our free-will to make better choices in healthy environment |
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Cognitive Perspective
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Seeks to explain how mental constructs are acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior. Views human mind as information processor
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Biological Perspective
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Study the phsyiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior.
Focus on brain functions and processes Behavioral genetics focuses on inherited aspects of behavior |
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Cross-Cultural Perspective
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Study how the social environment and culture influence out behavior
Common elements across culture |
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Evolutionary Perspective
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Seeks to explain how evolutionary processes shape modern behavior
Focus on role of natural selection to further behavior patterns (did certain behaviors help people survive and thus got passed down) |
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Naturalistic observation Method
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Researchers directly observe and record behavior as it occurs
PROS: observing the actual behaviors, if not intrusive CONS: Can be costly and time Consuming |
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Case Study Method
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Highly detailed description of a single individual, used to investigate rare or extreme conditions.
PROS: provides deep insight into specific behavior CONS: Behavior may not apply to other people or circumstances |
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Survey Method
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Designed to investigate opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group.
PROS: can collect data on large population at relatively lower cost and over short period of time CONS: dishonesty, wording effects, biased samples, low response rate. |
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Correlational Study Method
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Organizes descriptive data into two or more categories to derive relationships in the data
(example Aptitude test scores RELATED to grades in school) |
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Experiment method
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Direct way to test a hypothesis about cause-effect relationship between factors
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Correlational Study Method
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Organizes descriptive data into two or more categories to derive relationships in the data
(example Aptitude test scores RELATED to grades in school) |
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Experiment method
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Direct way to test a hypothesis about cause-effect relationship between factors
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Biological Psychology
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The scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes
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What is a Neuron?
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Most basic unit of the nervous system; microscopic cells
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What are the three types of neurons
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sensory, motor, interneurons
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What does the dendrite do?
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Recieves information from other neurons and sensory receptors
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What does the axon do?
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Carries neurons message to other body areas
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What does the myelin sheath do?
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It is present on the axons of some neurons and increases neuron communication speed
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What is action potential?
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Brief electrical impulse down axon
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messengers that activate neural activity
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Acetycholine
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Deals with memory, learning, muscle contractions. Associated with alzheimer's disease
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Dopamine
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Deals with movement, though processes, rewarding sensations. Associated with parkinson's disease, schizo, and drug addiction
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Serotonin
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Deals with emotion and sleep. Associated with depression
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Endorphines
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Deals with pain perception and positive emotions. Associated with opiate addiction.
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3 ways drugs affect neurotransmitters
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Agonists: fit receptor well and act like NT
Antagonist: fit the receptor but poorly and block the NT Other drugs block the reuptake process |
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What are the components of the Central Nervous Systom?
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are the components of the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Somantic, Autonomic, Sympathetic, and Parasympathetic.
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Somantic nervous system
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Controls voluntary muscle and transmits sensory information to CNS
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Controls involuntary body functions
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Arouses Body to expend Energy
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Calms body to conserve and maintain energy.
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Functions of the medula
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Breathing, heart rate, digestion, other vital reflexes
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Functions of the Reticular Formation
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Sleep and arousal, attention
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Functions of the Pons
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Helps Coordinate movements on left and right sides of the body. Postural reflexes which help you maintain balance while standing or moving
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Functions of the Cerebellum
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Coordinated rapid Voluntary movements, affected by alcohol
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Functions of the Thalamus
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Relay station in brain, processes most information to and from higher brain centers
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Hypothalamus
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Contains nuclei involved in a variety of behaviors: sexual behavior, hunger, thirst, aggression
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amygdala
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associated with basic emotional response patterns, has implications to learning and memory functions, role in processing emotions in facial expressions
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Hippocampus
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Involved in the learning and forming of new memories
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Broca's area
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Plays role in speech production
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Wernikes's area
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Plays role in understanding and meaningful speech
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