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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the most important activity every caregiver should perform before and after contact with a patient?
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hand hygiene
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What are the methods of transmission of pathogens?
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- direct contact
- moisture droplets - air currents - contaminated linen or clothing - inadequately cleansed eating utensils, instruments, or equipment |
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What is the most common method of transmission of pathogens?
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direct contact
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What is the single most effective way to protect the patient and caregiver from pathogens?
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habitual use of proper hand hygiene
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What are the two primary methods of hand hygiene?
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- hand rubbing
- hand washing |
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What is hand rubbing?
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use of an alcohol-based product to decontaminate hands when hand washing is not required
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What are the advantages of hand rubs?
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- require less time to use
- more effective than soap and water - more accessible than sinks - reduce bacterial counts on hands significantly - cause less damage to skin than soap and water when an emollient has been added |
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What ingredients should the hand rub contain?
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- alcohol (60-95%; isopropyl, ethanol, n-propanol)
- skin conditioner (glycerol) |
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Are hand wipes used for hand rubbing?
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yes, but they are only as effective as hand washing as a decontaminant (which is less effective than an alcohol-based rub)
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How is a hand rub applied?
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- small amount (usually premeasured) appied to the palm
- rub briskly over all surfaces of hands - rub until hands are dry (usually 20-30 seconds) - do not rinse with water - allow hands to air dry, do not dry with a towel |
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What may be necessary after several hand rubs?
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the hands may become sticky and may need a hand wash
(some facilities have policies in place requiring/recommending a hand wash after a certain number of hand rubs, but the CDC makes no such requirement) |
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What should you ensure you avoid at the end of a hand wash?
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touching a potentially contaminated surface
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Is hand washing the most effective method to decontaminate hands?
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no
but it is the preferred method when hands are visibly dirty/soiled or considered to be contaminated |
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How long should hands be washed?
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15 to 30 seconds
(often represented as singing, "Happy Birthday" twice during the process) |
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What is needed to perform hand washing?
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ordinary soap and water
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How does hand washing work to remove bacteria, etc. from the hands?
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through the mechanical action of the friction while rubbing and scrubbing
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What may be added to the cleansing medium for hand washing to make it antiseptic?
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an antimicrobial or germicidal
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Why should caution be used with bar soap?
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it is considered contaminated, especially if it has been used by others
pathogens can survive on it, even if it has been rinsed before being replaced on a rack |
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What may contaminate hands during hand washing?
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- bar soap
- sink rim/basin - water splashing up from the sink - towel dispenser - faucet handles - operating lever of soap dispenser |
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What should be done before hand washing (or rubbing)? ***
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remove jewelry from hands and wrists, especially items with settings or irregular or rough surfaces because they may harbor pathogens and cannot be cleansed effectively
|
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What is important to remember about fingernails with respect to pathogens?
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- artificial fingernails and chipped nail polish can harbor pathogens
- to reduce the number of pathogens under the nails, trim them so they are not visible when the fingertips are held at eye level with the palm facing you |
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What puts the caregiver at greater risk for self-contamination or infection?
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irritations, lesions, or breaks in the skin of the hands
(so take care of your hands!) |
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What temperature should the hand wash water be?
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warm
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Why is warm water used for hand wash?
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- more comfortable
- promotes more lather to cleanse more effectively - less irritating to skin |
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What are the criteria for hand hygiene?
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before and after
- patient contact - contact with wounds, dressings, specimens, bed linen, and protective clothing - toileting - eating after - contact with secretions or excretions - hands are soiled or considered contaminated - sneezing or coughing - nose blowing - removing gloves |
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What surfaces should be scrubbed when hand rubbing or hand washing? ***
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- scrub palms together
- scrub webbing between and around each finger by interlacing hands - scrub dorsum of each hand with opposite palm - scrub fingertips of each hand in the palm of the opposite hand - scrub dorsal finger creases with opposite palm - scrub each thumb by clasping with opposite palm - scrub each wrist by clasping with opposite palm |
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What are a patient's vital signs? ***
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measurement of a person's:
- body temperature - heart rate - respiration rate - blood pressure (- pain level - often considered the "fifth vital") |
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Another name for vital signs ***
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cardinal signs
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Why do we take vital signs? ***
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- they are indicators of general health or physiological status
- significant deviations from the norm may indicate an illness or abnormal condition |
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What is the "norm" for vital signs? ***
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baseline measurements of the vital signs of a patient at rest
|
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How are vital signs used? ***
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measurements are used to:
- establish goals of treatment - assist with developing a treatment plan - assess a patient's response - assess treatment effectiveness |
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What does body temperature represent? ***
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a balance between the heat that is produced in the body and the heat that is lost
|
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What factors affect body temperature? ***
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- age
- physical activity - emotional status - infection - site of measurement - environmental temperature - time of day - menstrual cycle - oral cavity temperature |
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How does time of day affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature is usually lower in the early morning and higher in the afternoon
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How does age affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature is slightly higher in the very young, and tends to decrease slightly with age
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How does environmental temperature affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature may increase slightly in a hot environment and decrease slightly in a cold environment
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How does infection affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature increases with a major or systemic infectious process
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How does physical activity affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature usually increases slightly with physical activity but reaches a plateau as the person becomes better conditioned
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How does emotional status affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature increases slightly during stressful or emotional periods (e.g., crying or anger)
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How does site of measurement affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature values are slightly higher if measured rectally and slightly lower if measured in the axilla when compared with oral values
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How does menstrual cycle affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature is slightly higher at the time of ovulation, and a pregnant person's body temperature tends to be slightly higher than usual
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How does oral cavity temperature affect body temperature? ***
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body temperature measurement may be inaccurate if measured orally within 14 to 30 minutes of ingestion of warm or cold substances or smoking (false reading, as the body core temperature is probably not affected)
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What sites are used to assess a person's body temperature? ***
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- mouth (oral)
- rectum (rectal) - ear canal (tympanic) - axilla/armpit (axillary) - inguinal fold (inguinal) |
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In what instances would the rectal or tympanic method of temperature taking be preferred? ***
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- infants, toddlers, and older persons who may find it difficult to use an oral thermometer
- unconscious patients, or patients who are otherwise unable to hold the thermometer under their tongue (e.g., when intubated) - mouth-breathing patients (due to allergies, deviated septum, etc.) - when greater accuracy is desired (rectal is best in this case) |
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Which is the most accurate method of measuring body temperature? ***
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rectally
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What is the accepted normal temperature range? ***
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ORAL
96.8° to 99.3° F (36° to 37.3° C) |
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What is the accepted average temperature? ***
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98.6° F
(37° C) |
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What is the accepted temperature for a fever? ***
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100° F (and higher)
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What temperature is considered hyperpyrexic? ***
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greater than 106° F
(infants and small children, as adults don't normally reach such temperatures) |
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For what patients is it particularly important to establish baseline vitals?
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- elderly patients (over 65)
- very young patients (under 2) - debilitated patients - patients who have performed limited aerobic activities for several weeks or months - patients with a previous or current history of cardiovascular problems - patients recovering from recent trauma, major surgery, or those with a condition or disease that affects the cardiopulmonary system (e.g., spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular injury, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, COPD) |
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What should be done if abnormal vital sign values are found on examination?
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the cause of the deviation should be determined before initiation of activity that could affect the vital signs
patients with abnormal resting values are frequently less able to tolerate physical activity or stress-producing events |
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What are some possible adverse and potentially dangerous responses to activity?
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- mental confusion
- fatigue - exhaustion - lethargy - slow reactions of movement or response to commands - decreased response to verbal and tactile stimuli - complaints of nausea, syncope or vertigo - diaphoresis - change in appearance (pallor, erythema) - decrease in BP - pupil constriction or dilation - loss of consciousness (many of the above responses may be caused by anoxia) |
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In humans, body temperature remains relatively constant regardless of....
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environmental temperature
(unless extreme) |
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Why are axillary or inguinal temperature readings the least desirable?
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air currents may reduce the accuracy of the measurement
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If temperature is measured rectally, tympanically or axillary/inguinally it should be....
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so noted on the patient's record
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The pulse is an indirect measure of.... ***
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the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
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The pulse indicates.... ***
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the rate at which the heart is beating
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What is the accepted resting pulse rate for: ***
- an adult? - a child between 1 and 7 years of age? - an infant? |
- 60 to 100 bpm
- 80 to 120 bpm - 100 to 130 bpm |
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What is important to establishing a baseline heart rate?
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measuring the pulse at the same site and under the same conditions
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Do wide variations in pulse rate indicate abnormalities?
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not necessarily, but unusual or abnormal findings in a specific patient should be evaluated for their potential cause and effect on treatment
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Why do we measure the pulse rate? ***
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- to establish a patient's baseline recording
- to assess the heart's reaction to special procedures, physical activity, medications, or to check for disease processes affecting the heart |
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What factors can affect pulse? ***
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- age
- physical activity - emotional status - infection - cardiopulmonary disease - environmental temperature - medications - gender - physical conditioning |
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How does age affect pulse rate? ***
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persons over 65 years of age may exhibit a decreased pulse rate
adolescents and younger usually exhibit an increased rate |
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How does gender affect pulse rate? ***
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male pulse rates are usually slightly lower than female rates
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How do environmental factors affect pulse rate? ***
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the pulse rate tends to increase with high temperature and decrease with low temperature
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How does infection affect pulse rate? ***
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the pulse rate tends to increase with a major infectious process
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How does physical activity affect pulse rate? ***
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normally, the pulse rate should:
- rise rapidly in response to vigorous physical activity - plateau or stabilize as the intensity or severity of the exercise plateaus - decline as the intensity of the exercise declines |
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How quickly should the post-exercise pulse rate revert to the resting pulse rate?
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within 3-5 minutes after cessation of exercise
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How is the pulse rate of a person with a conditioned cardiopulmonary system affected by exercise?
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- (s)he will experience less change in the pulse rate, and
- pulse rate should return to normal in a shorter time than that of an unconditioned or debilitated person |
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How does emotional status affect pulse rate? ***
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the pulse rate increases during episodes of high stress, anxiety, or emotion (e.g, fear or anger) and may decrease when the person is asleep or in a state of extreme calm
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How does medication affect pulse rate? ***
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some medications may increase or decrease the pulse rate
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How does cardiopulmonary disease affect the pulse rate?
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the condition of the heart and the peripheral vascular system and their ability to function affect the pulse rate
(e.g., a patient with hypertension may have a lower pulse rate and a patient with hypotension may have a higher pulse rate to compensate for the effects of the blood pressure) |
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How does physical conditioning affect the pulse rate?
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persons who perform frequent, sustained, vigorous aerobic exercise will exhibit a lower-than-normal pulse rate
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What are the most common sites for measuring pulse rate? ***
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- temporal
- carotid - brachial - radial - femoral - popliteal - dorsal pedal - posterior tibial - apex of the heart |
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What are the most common sites for measuring pulse? Why? ***
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- radial
- carotid because of their ease of access |
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What sites are typically used to measure pulse rate when access to the radial site is restricted? ***
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- temporal
- carotid |
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What sites are normally preferred by patients measuring their own pulse rates? ***
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- radial
- carotid |
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When is the apical site typically used to measure the pulse rate? ***
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- when the peripheral sites are inaccessible
- when the pulse is difficult to palpate |
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What sites are primarily used to test for PVD? ***
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- femoral (inguinal)
- popliteal - dorsal pedal - posterior tibial |
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Why are the femoral, popliteal, dorsal pedal, and posterior tibial sites normally used to measure pulse rate? ***
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to test for vascular patency (e.g., if there is no dorsal pedal pulse, circulation to the area may be compromised)
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The pulse is often subjectively described according to its...
*** |
- rate
- rhythm, and - volume |
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What is a "strong and regular" pulse? ***
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- good force to each beat
- even beats |
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What is a "weak and regular" pulse? ***
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- poor force to each beat
- even beats |
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What is an "irregular" pulse? ***
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strong and weak beats occur during the period of measurement
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What is a "thready" pulse? ***
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- weak force to each beat
- irregular beats |
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Tachycardia
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rapid heart rate
(>100 bpm) |
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Bradycardia
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slow heart rate
(< 60 bpm) |
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How is target heart rate calculated? ***
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(220 - age) X 70% to 90%
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What typically occurs in apical and radial pulse rates in patients with cardiac disease or PAD?
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they differ (pulse deficit)
if they do, only the apical pulse is used to evaluate the patient |
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A patient with resting tachycardia or bradycardia should be
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carefully evaluated by an appropriate practitioner to determine the limitations or tolerance to exercise
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During exercise or other treatment activities, the therapist should monitor the pulse rate for....
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abnormal responses and be prepared to modify or terminate treatment if severe or persistent
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What are some abnormal responses of the pulse rate? ***
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- slowly increases during active exercise
- does not increase during active exercise - continues to increase or decreases as exercise intensity plateaus - slowly declines as intensity of exercise or activity declines and terminates - does not decline as intensity of exercise or activity declines - declines during exercise before intensity of exercise or activity declines - increased pulse rate or amount of increase exceeds expected level - pulse rhythm becomes irregular during or after exercise (e.g., dysrhythmia, arrhythmia, or ectopic beats occur) |
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How may a patient be positioned for measuring the pulse?
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- recumbent
- seated - standing |
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Why should you not use your thumb to measure a patient's pulse rate?
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- you may perceive your own pulse rather than that of the patient
- the thumb pad is less sensitive |
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What are the margins for error in pulse rate if you measure for less than a minute?
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plus/minus your multiplier
(e.g., measure for 10 seconds and multiply by 6 - margin of error is plus or minus 6 beats; measure for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 - margin of error is plus or minus 4 beats) |
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How is pulse rate recorded?
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- beats per minute
- variations in rhythm or volume - identify location (side as well) - patient position [e.g., 68 bpm, irregular (every 4th beat absent), L radial pulse, patient sitting] |
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What does blood pressure measure? ***
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the pressure or force exerted on the walls of the arteries by the blood
(reflects the effects of cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and other hemodynamic factors) |
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What is systolic pressure? ***
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the BP at the time of contraction of the left ventricle of the heart (top number)
|
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What is diastolic pressure? ***
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the BP at the time of the rest period of the heart (bottom number)
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What is normal resting BP for an adult? ***
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- normal: below 120/80 mmHg
- high-normal: 130-139/85-89 mmHg - elderly (over age 65) 120-140/80-90 mmHg |
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What is the prehypertensive BP range for an adult? ***
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120-139/80-89 mmHg
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List the hypertension stages ***
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Stage 1: 140 to 159/90 to 99 mmHg
Stage 2: 160 to 179/100 to 109 mmHg Stage 3: 180 to 209/110 to 119 mmHg Stage 4: > 210 systolic mmHg; > 120 diastolic |
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What factors affect blood pressure? ***
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- age
- physical activity - emotional status - site of measurement - medications - size and condition of arteries - arm position - muscle contraction - blood volume - dehydration - cardiac output |
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How does age affect BP? ***
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- younger patients exhibit lower values (systolic and diastolic)
elderly patients (65 and over) may exhibit slightly higher systolic and slightly lower diastolic pressure |
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How does physical activity affect BP? ***
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- systolic pressure should gradually increase with exercise, plateau as the exercise intensity plateaus, and gradually decline as exercise intensity declines, returning to normal resting value within 3-5 minutes after exercise
- diastolic pressure should remain essentially unchanged, although an increase of 10-15 mmHg is not usually considered abnormal; over 15 mmHg increase is abnormal |
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How does emotional status affect BP? ***
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BP increases during episodes of high stress, anxiety, or emotion (e.g., anger or fear)
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How does medication affect BP? ***
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- some medications may increase or decrease BP
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How does size and condition of arteries affect BP? ***
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- arteries with reduced lumina will have higher BP values
- arteries with reduced elasticity will have increased systolic and decreased diastolic values these two factors tend to account for the changes that occur in the BP values of the elderly |
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How does arm position affect BP? ***
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- BP may increase if arm is too low
- BP may decrease if arm is too high |
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How does muscle contraction affect BP? ***
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contraction of the upper extremity musculature may produce an increase in BP due to increased resistance to blood flow
|
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How does blood volume affect BP? ***
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BP decreases with loss of blood and increases with increase in blood volume
|
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How does dehydration affect BP? ***
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a significant decrease of body fluids may cause low blood pressure
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How does cardiac output affect BP? ***
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systolic BP increases with increased cardiac output and decreases with decreased cardiac output
(diastolic should remain normal, or within 15 mmHg) |
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How does site of measurement affect BP? ***
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- BP values are often higher in the left upper extremity than in the right
- if the thigh is used, the systolic pressure is usually higher than in the arm, partly due to the need to use a wider bladder in the cuff, but diastolic should be essentially the same as in the arm |
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What phases of Korotkoff's Sounds are most important to identify?
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I and V
(although in a patient with a known or suspected cardiovascular condition, it may be important to identify most or all of the phases) |
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What is Phase I of Korotkoff's Sounds?
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- the first faint, clear tapping sounds are detected and gradually increase in their intensity
- these are the initial indication of systolic pressure in an adult |
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What is Phase II of Korotkoff's Sounds?
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the sounds have a murmur or swishing quality to them
|
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What is Phase III of Korotkoff's Sounds?
|
the sounds become crisp and louder than those previously heard
|
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What is Phase IV of Korotkoff's Sounds?
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- there is a distinct and abrupt muffling of the sounds until a soft, blowing quality is heard
- this phase is the initial indication of the diastolic pressure and is the best indicator of diastolic pressure in adults |
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What is Phase V of Korotkoff's Sounds?
|
- the sounds essentially disappear completely
- also referred to as the "second diastolic pressure phase" |
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What factors contribute to or are associated with hypertension?
|
- obesity
- physical inactivity - race (esp. African American) - advanced age - arteriosclerosis - diabetes mellitus - kidney disease - diet - excessive use of nicotine, alcohol, or salt - oral contraceptives |
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To what can untreated hypertension lead?
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- coronary artery disease
- CVA - peripheral vascular disease - congestive heart failure |
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What is hypotension?
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systolic BP consistently under 100 mm Hg
|
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Is hypotension dangerous?
|
not usually, but the person can be at increased risk of dizziness or syncope when abruptly standing from a squatting, sitting, or lying position
|
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Why would the femoral artery be used to take BP?
|
in patients with known or suspected lower extremity peripheral vascular disease
|
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What occurs if the BP cuff is too wide? Too narrow?
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- the reading will be erroneously low
- the reading will be erroneously high |
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How wide should the cuff be?
|
40% of the circumference of the midpoint of the limb
for an average adult: 3-6 inches for a large adult: 6-8 inches (which makes a circumference of 15 inches the "break point" between a 3-6 inch and a 6-8 inch cuff) |
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If it necessary to repeat a BP measurement, what should you do?
|
- completely deflate the cuff
- wait while patient sits quietly for 1-2 minutes to allow any blood trapped in the veins to be released and circulation to return to normal |
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What should be done to reduce the chance of error in BP recording?
|
- practice listening for the sounds, reading the value, and properly operating the valve to control the pressure release
- do not round the values - do not bias the findings by expecting a certain value |
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If the patient has exercised, ambulated, or experienced emotional stress, how long should they rest before BP is taken?
|
15-30 minutes
|
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What should be recorded with BP?
|
- values
- extremity - patient position (e.g., 140/80, LUE, standing) |
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What is MAP?
|
mean arterial pressure
|
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How is MAP calculated?
|
(diastolic X 2 + systolic)/3
(80 X 2 + 120)/3 = 280/3 = 93.3 |
|
How is MAP used?
|
MAP of 60 or greater is needed to maintain body's organs
thus some facilities prohibit physical therapy treatment of patients with MAP under 60 |
|
What are some abnormal responses exhibited by BP?
|
- systolic rapidly increases during active exercise
- systolic does not increase during active exercise - systolic continues to increase or decreases as intensity of exercise plateaus - systolic declines during exercise before the intensity of the exercise declines - systolic rapidly declines as intensity of exercise or activity declines and terminates - systolic does not decline as intensity of exercise or activity declines - systolic declines significantly below its resting level at end of exercise or activity - systolic pressure rate or amount of systolic pressure increase is excessive during exercise or activity - diastolic increases by more than 10-15 mmHg during the exercise or activity |
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What is normal resting respirations for an adult? An infant? ***
|
- 12-18 per minute
- 30-50 per minute |
|
What are abnormal resting respirations per minute for adults? ***
|
- greater than 20
- less than 10 |
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What else is recorded along with respirations per minute? ***
|
- rhythm (regularity)
- depth (amount of air exchanged) - character (deviations from normal) (also the amount of effort required and sound produced) |
|
What factors affect respiration? ***
|
- age
- physical activity - emotional status - air quality - altitude - disease |
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How does age affect respiration? ***
|
respiration rates tend to be higher in the
- very young (birth to 3 years) - elderly (65 and older) |
|
How does physical activity affect respiration? ***
|
rate and depth of respiration increase during exercise
|
|
How does emotional status affect respiration? ***
|
rate and depth of respiration increase during episodes of high stress, anxiety or emotion (e.g., anger or fear)
|
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How does air quality affect respiration? ***
|
impurities in the atmosphere may cause the respiration rate to increase or decrease, depending on the effects of various components of the person's pulmonary system
|
|
How does altitude affect respiration? ***
|
high altitudes cause the respiration rate to increase until a person is acclimated
|
|
How does disease affect respiration? ***
|
disease that affects components of the pulmonary system usually increases the respiratory rate and may also affect the depth of respiration
|
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What are abnormal responses exhibited by respiration rate?
|
- rate slowly increases during exercise or activity
- rate does not increase during exercise or activity - rate increases as intensity of exercise or activity plateaus - rate declines during exercise or activity before intensity declines - rate slowly declines as intensity of exercise or activity declines and terminates - rate does not decline as the intensity of exercise or activity declines - increase in rate or amount of increase in rate is excessive during exercise - rhythm becomes irregular during or after exercise or activity |
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What is the fifth vital sign? ***
|
in many hospital environments, pain is considered the fifth vital sign
|
|
How is pain commonly documented? ***
|
often by asking the patient for a number 0-10 and documenting as 4/10, 8/10, etc.
best to have patient physically document the level on a VAS (without the numbers) |
|
What three types of pain scales were used in lecture? ***
|
- Simple Descriptive Pain Distress Scale
- 0-10 Numerical Pain Distress Scale - Visual Analog Scale |
|
What is the size recommended for the Simple Descriptive Pain Distress Scale, 0-10 Numerical Pain Distress Scale, and the Visual Analog Scale? ***
|
10 cm baseline
|
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What type of structure would cause pain that is "cramping," "dull," and/or "aching"? ***
|
muscular pain
|
|
What type of structure would cause pain that is "sharp," and/or "shooting"? ***
|
nerve root pain
|
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What type of structure would cause pain that is "sharp," "bright," and/or "lightninglike"? ***
|
nerve pain
|
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What type of structure would cause pain that is "burning," "pressurelike," "stinging," and/or "aching"? ***
|
sympathetic nerve pain
|
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What type of structure would cause pain that is "deep," "nagging," and/or "dull"? ***
|
bone pain
|
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What type of structure would cause pain that is "sharp," "severe," and/or "intolerable"? ***
|
fracture pain
|
|
What type of structure would cause pain that is "throbbing," and/or "diffuse"? ***
|
vasculature pain
|
|
What should be determined and documented in the initial assessment of pain? ***
|
- pain onset
- pain intensity - exact location of pain - pattern of pain - whether the pain radiates or spreads to other parts of the body - description of the pain (when it is best/worst, is it constant/intermittent, what activities make it better/worse, time of day pain is better/worse, sleep pattern) - what work or social activity is affected by the pain - results of pain questionnaire (if available) - rate 1-10 (least to worst pain experienced) |
|
What is pain?
|
an unpleasant sensory AND emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
|
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Normal respiration requires _____ effort for inspiration and _____ effort for expiration.
|
minimal
essentially no |
|
How are breathers classified?
|
- thoracic (upper chest expands, abdomen relatively motionless)
- abdominal (abdomen expands, thorax relatively motionless) |
|
Should any sound be heard during normal, resting respiration?
|
no
|
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What are some abnormal sounds of respiration?
|
- wheezing
- rales - stridor |
|
What are some signs and symptoms of abnormal breathing?
|
- gasping
- panting - open-mouth breathing - use of accessory neck muscles |
|
Response to pain is highly....
|
personal and subjective
|
|
What is the most reliable indicator of pain?
|
self- report
it is what the patient says it is, and exists wherever and whenever (s)he says it does |
|
Effective pain management should include...
|
a means for addressing the emotional and/or spiritual responses (e.g., suffering and anguish) that accompany pain
|
|
What is a pain screen?
|
a quantitative rating of the intensity of pain as reported by the patient using a standardized instrument that has demonstrated reliability and validity
|
|
What is pain management?
|
use of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to control a patient's identified pain
|
|
Adverse effects of pharmacological treatment
|
- respiratory depression
- respiratory distress - uncontrolled nausea and/or vomiting - urinary retention - constipation - change in mental status - myoclonus (twitching) - uncontrolled pruritus (itching) - sensory/motor changes |
|
Nonpharmacological treatments for pain
|
used based on patient preference and degree of relief
- heat or cold - positioning - massage - distraction (e.g., music, reading, relaxation techniques) - TENS |
|
Pain management extends beyond pain relief, encompassing:
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- quality of life
- ability to work productively - ability to enjoy recreation |
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Anoxia
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absence of oxygen in the tissues
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Apical pulse
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pulse that is found when a stethoscope is placed on the chest wall over the apex of the heart; may also be found by palpation
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Apnea
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absence of breathing
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Auscultation
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listening for sounds produced within the body using the unaided ear or a stethoscope
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Arrhythmia
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variation from the normal rhythm
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Bradycardia
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slow heartbeat (i.e., less than 60 bpm; may be normal in a well-conditioned person or an abnormal finding)
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Cardiac output
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the amount of blood that is pumped from the heart during each contraction
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Diaphoresis
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profuse perspiration
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Diastole
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period when the least amount of pressure is exerted on the walls of the arteries during the heartbeat; usually indicates the resting phase of the heart
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Dyspnea
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labored or difficult breathing
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Dysrhythmia
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disturbance of rhythm
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Ectopic
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arising or produced abnormally
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Korotkoff's sounds
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sounds heard during auscultatory determination of blood pressure; believed to be produced by vibratory motion of the arterial wall as the artery suddenly distends when compressed by a pneumatic blood pressure cuff
the origin of the sound may be within the blood passing through the vessel or within the wall itself |
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Pyrexia
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fever
body temperature above the normal level |
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Occlude
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- to fit close together
- to close tight - to obstruct or close off |
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Orthopnea
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a condition in which breathing is easier when the person is seated or standing
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Rale (a.k.a. crackle)
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an abnormal, discontinuous non-musical sound heard on auscultation of the chest, primarily during inhalation
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Sphygmomanometer
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an instrument used to measure blood pressure
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Stridor
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a shrill, harsh sound, especially the respiratory sound heard during inspiration in laryngeal obstruction
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Syncope
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a temporary suspension of consciousness caused by cerebral anemia
fainting |
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Systole
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the period when the greatest amount of pressure is exerted on the walls of the arteries during heartbeat; usually indicates the contractile phase (left ventricle) of the heartbeat
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Tachycardia
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abnormally fast heartbeat (>100 bpm)
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Another name for vital signs
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cardinal signs
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