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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Listener who needs to hear verbal explanations and descriptions to learn well.
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auditory listener
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Local or regional informal dialect or expression.
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colloquialism
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Recognizing, acknowledging, and expressing value for another person.
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confirming
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Speech that eases the audience’s burden of processing information.
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considerate speech
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Listener who listens for the accuracy of a speech’s content and the implications of a speaker’s message.
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critical listener
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Language that respectfully recognizes the differences among the many cultures in our society.
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culturally inclusive language
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Listener who overcomes listener interference to better understand a speaker’s message.
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effective listener
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Listener who considers the moral impact of a speaker’s message on one’s self and one’s community.
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ethical listener
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Word or phrase that substitutes an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant
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euphemism
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Listener who needs to touch, explore, and participate in what is being described.
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experiential listener
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Language recognizing that both women and men are active participants in the world.
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gender-inclusive language
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Vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the impulses then sent to the brain.
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hearing
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Anything that stops or hinders a listener from receiving a message.
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interference
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Technical language used by a special group or for a special activity.
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jargon
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Speech that is considerate and delivered in an oral style.
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listenable speech
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Process of giving thoughtful attention to another person’s words and understanding what you hear.
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listening
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Informal nonstandard vocabulary, usually made up of arbitrarily changed words.
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slang
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Practice of highlighting a person’s race or ethnicity (or sex, sexual orientation, physical disability, and the like) during a speech
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spotlighting
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Extra words that pad sentences and claims but don’t add meaning.
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verbal clutter
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Listener who needs to see something to understand it and how it works.
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visual listener
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Process of reasoning suggesting that because two conditions or events resemble each other in ways that are certain, they will resemble each other in other ways that are less certain
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analogical reasoning
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Set of statements that allows you to develop your evidence to establish the validity of your claim.
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argument
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Process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.
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causal reasoning
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Audience’s view of a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.
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character
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Audience’s view of a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject.
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competence
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Logical outcome of an argument that results from the combination of the major and minor premises.
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conclusion
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Audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence and character.
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credibility
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Process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim.
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deductive reasoning
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Word Aristotle used to refer to the speaker’s credibility.
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ethos
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Error in reasoning in which a speaker assumes that one event caused another simply because the first event happened before the second
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false cause
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Error in reasoning in which a speaker reaches a conclusion without enough evidence to support it.
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hasty generalization
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Process of reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion.
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inductive reasoning
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Mental leaps we make when we agree that a speaker’s evidence supports his or her claims.
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inferences
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Word Aristotle used to refer to the logical arrangement of evidence in a speech.
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logos
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Claim in an argument that states a familiar, commonly accepted belief (also called the general principle).
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major premise
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Claim in an argument that states a specific instance linked to the major premise.
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minor premise
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Word Aristotle used to refer to emotional appeals made by a speaker.
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pathos
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Process of reasoning that assumes something exists or will happen based on something else that exists or has happened.
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reasoning by sign
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Something that represents something else.
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sign
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Word that refers to ideas or concepts but not to specific objects.
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abstract word
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Repetition of a particular sound in a sentence or phrase.
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alliteration
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Placement of words and phrases in contrast or opposition to one another.
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antithesis
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Word that refers to a tangible object—a person, place, or thing.
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concrete word
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Fixed, distinctive expression whose meaning is not indicated by its individual words.
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idiom
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System of verbal or gestural symbols a community uses to communicate with one another.
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language
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Figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things by describing one thing as being something else.
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metaphor
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Metaphor that makes illogical comparisons between two or more things.
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mixed metaphor
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Rhyme, phrase, or other verbal device that makes information easier to remember.
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mnemonic device
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Speaking style that reflects the spoken rather than the written word.
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oral style
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Arrangement of related words so they are balanced or of related sentences so they have identical structures.
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parallelism
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Figure of speech that attributes human characteristics to animals, objects, or concepts.
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personification
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Object, concept, or event a symbol represents.
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referent
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Repetition of keywords or phrases at the beginnings or endings of sentences or clauses to create rhythm.
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repetition
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Arrangement of words into patterns so the sounds of the words together enhance the meaning of a phrase.
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rhythm
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Figure of speech that makes an explicit comparison of two things using the word like or as.
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simile
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Word or phrase spoken by a speaker.
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symbol
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Memory and past experiences that audience members have with an object, concept, or event.
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thought, or reference
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Request that an audience engage in some clearly stated behavior.
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call to action
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Organizational pattern that illustrates the advantages of one solution over others.
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comparative advantages organization
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Arguments against the speaker’s own position.
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counterarguments
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Threat of something undesirable happening if change does not occur.
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fear appeal
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Motivate an audience to engage in a specific behavior or take a specific action.
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gain immediate action
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Ask an audience to adopt a new position without also asking them to act in support of that position.
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gain passive agreement
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Sequential process used to persuade audiences by gaining attention, demonstrating a need, satisfying that need, visualizing beneficial results, and calling for action
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Monroe’s motivated sequence
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Speech whose message attempts to change or reinforce an audience’s thoughts, feelings, or actions.
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persuasive speech
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Organizational pattern that focuses on identifying a specific problem, the causes of that problem, and a solution for the problem.
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problem-cause-solution organization
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Organizational pattern that focuses on persuading an audience that a specific problem exists and can be solved or minimized by a specific solution.
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problem-solution organization
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Question that addresses whether something is true or not.
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question of fact
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Question that addresses the best course of action or the best solution to a problem.
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question of policy
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Question that addresses the merit or morality of an object, action, or belief.
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question of value
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Persuasive strategy that addresses both sides of an issue, refuting one side to prove the other is better.
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two-sided message
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Argument in which a speaker attacks a person rather than that person’s arguments.
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ad hominem fallacy
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Argument that something is correct or good because everyone else agrees with it or is doing it.
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bandwagon fallacy
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Audience’s view of a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.
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character
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Similarities, shared interests, and mutual perspectives a speaker has with an audience.
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common ground
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Audience’s view of a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of a subject.
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competence
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Audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence and character.
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credibility
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Credibility a speaker develops during a speech.
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derived credibility
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Argument in which a speaker claims our options are “either A or B,” when actually more than two options exist. Sometimes called a false dilemma
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either-or fallacy
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Word Aristotle used to refer to the speaker’s credibility.
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ethos
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Argument that seems valid but is flawed because of unsound evidence or reasoning.
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fallacy
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Credibility a speaker has before giving a speech.
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initial credibility
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Word Aristotle used to refer to the logical arrangement of evidence in a speech.
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logos
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Interrelated set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings held by members of a particular society or culture.
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mythos
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Word Aristotle used to refer to emotional appeals made by a speaker.
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pathos
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Argument that introduces irrelevant information into an argument to distract an audience from the real issue.
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red herring fallacy
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Argument in which a speaker claims that taking a first step in one direction will lead to inevitable and undesirable further steps
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slippery slope fallacy
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Credibility a speaker has at the end of a speech.
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terminal credibility
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How to listen ethically (3)
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suspend judgement
assess information respond to speakers ideas |
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A=B
B=C therefore A=C |
deductive reasoning
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argument by example. Look for patterns in evidence
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inductive reasoning
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toulins model of a sound argument
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claims, grounds, warrant, backing. Like a child continually asking why
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5 patterns of reasoning
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inductive
deductive causal analogical sign |
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Semantic triangle
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thought - symbol (words) - referent (things)
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