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34 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
What is dysplasia? |
Dysplasia is the disordered growth with abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture. |
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What is a carcinoma in-situ? |
A carcinoma in-situ is a dysplasia involving full thickness of epithelium with no penetration of basement membrane. |
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What is the definition of a tumour or neoplasm? |
A tumour or neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, with the following:
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A tumour or neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, with the following three characteristics. |
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What is differentiation? |
Differentiation refers to the degree of similarity in appearance and function, between tumour tissue and the tissue of origin. Benign tumours are generally well differentiated; malignant tumours may be well differentiated or poorly differentiated. |
Differentiation refers to the degree of s_________ in a___________ and f_______, between tumour tissue and the tissue of origin. What is the difference between benign and malignant tumours? |
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What is anaplasia? |
Anaplasia refers to poor differentiation; poorly differentiated tumours are described as analastic. Benign tumours are never anaplastic, whereas malignant tumours are sometimes anaplastic. |
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What are some features seen in anaplastic tumour cells? |
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Benign tumours grow as expansile masses. What are the characteristics of such tumours? |
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Four characteristics. |
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What is metastasis? |
Metastasis is the distant spread of cancer via lymphatics or blood vessels. |
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What are the clinical features of benign tumours? |
Slow growth Ulceration is unusual Hemorrhage is unusual No evidence of metastasis |
Growth Ulceration Hemorrhage Metastasis |
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What are the clinical features of malignant tumours? |
Rapid growth Frequent ulceration Frequent hemorrhage Much evidence of metastasis |
Growth Ulceration Hemorrhage Metastasis |
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What is the gross appearance of a benign tumour? |
Tumour edge is smooth due to expansile growth, and may be encapsulated Bland, homogenous cut surface No evidence of secondary spread |
Tumour edge Cut surface Evidence of secondary spread |
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What is the gross appearance of a malignant tumour? |
Irregular tumour edge, due to infiltrative growth Variegated cut surface, due to hemorrhage and necrosis within tumour Draining lymph nodes or adjacent structures may obviously be infiltrated (secondary spread) |
Tumour edge Cut surface Evidence of secondary spread |
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What are the microscopical features of a benign tumour? |
Good resemblance to tissue origin Fairly uniform cell size and shape Very few and all normal mitotic figures No invasion of blood vessels, lymphatics or periueural space No dysplasia in adjacent tissues |
Resemblance to tissue origin Cell size and shape Mitotic figures Invasion of blood vessels, lymphatics and perineural space Dysplasia in adjacent tissues |
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What are the microscopical features of a malignant tumour? |
Poor resemblance to tissue origin Highly variable cell size and shape Numerous and frequently abnormal mitotic figures, e.g. tripolar mitoses Invasion of blood vessels, lymphatics and perineural space often present Dysplasia in adjacent tissues sometimes present |
Resemblance to tissue origin Cell size and shape Mitotic figures Invasion of blood vessels, lymphatics and perineural space Dysplasia in adjacent tissues |
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What are some causes of cancer? |
Genetics Age Environment |
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What is the effect of age upon the cancer? |
Incidence of cancer increases with age Cancers seen in infancy and childhood are different from those seen in later life |
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What is a carcinogen? |
A carcinogen is a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue. Chemicals, microbes and radiation are all carcinogens. |
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What is the molecular basis of cancer? |
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What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are the principal targets of cancer-causing mutations? |
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What are the hallmarks of cancer? |
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What are oncogenes? |
Oncogenes are created by mutations in proto-oncogenes, and encode proteins called oncoproteins that have the ability to promote cell growth in the absence of normal growth-promoting signals. |
Oncogenes are created by mutations in ________________, and encode proteins called _____________ that have the ability to ...? |
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What are the common mutations that activate oncogenes? |
Point mutation Translocation Amplification |
TAP |
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What are some functions of the protein products of tumour suppressor genes? |
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What are the factors involved in the limitless replication potential of |
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What are the four steps of tissue invasion? |
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What are the various routes of metastasis? |
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What are the various classes of tumour antigens? |
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What are the factors leading to the failure of immunosurveillance? |
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What are the factors that lead to tumour evolution? |
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What are the differences between direct and indirect acting carcinogens? |
Direct acting
Indirect acting (procarcinogen)
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What are the risk factors associated with lung cancer? |
Tobacco smoking Radiation Asbestos exposure |
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What is the main cause of radiation carcinogenesis? |
UV light causes especially melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. It induces the formation of pyramidine dimers. Patients with Xeroderma pigmentosa have increased risk of skin cancers due to congenital deficiency of DNA repair enzymes |
UV light causes especially m________ and b____ cell c__________. It induces the formation of p___________ d______. Patients with X__________ p___________ have increased risk of skin cancers due to congenital deficiency of DNA repair enzymes. |
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What are some causes of radiation carcinogenesis? |
UV light Ionising radiation X-ray, gamma-rays α, β particles, protons, neutrons Susceptible tissue/organs Leukemia in radiology workers Lung cancers in uranium miners Pediatric thyroid cancer Atomic bombs? |
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What are some microbial carcinogens? |
Viruses, e.g. DNA oncogenic viruses (HPV, HBV, EBV, etc.), RNA oncogenic viruses (Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HCV, etc). |
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