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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. Common infectious agents in PID
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-Gonococcus, chlamidiae, enteric bacteria, and staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia (after spontaneous or induced abortion)
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2. Vulvar Carcinoma
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-Morphology:
a. HPV related: HPV 16,18, multicentric, associated with smoking, poorly differentiated b. Non-HPV related: older women, unicentric, associated with squamous cell hyperplasia and lichen sclerosis, well-differentiated |
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3. Condyloma Acuminatum
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-Etiology: sexually transmitted, HPV 6,11, not pre-cancerous
-Morphology: wartlike tumors that look like cocoa pebbles, histo: Koilocytes and perinuclear vacuolization |
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4. Paget’s disease of the Vulva
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-Morphology: pruritic red, crusty, sharply demarked, map-like area on labia majora, histo: large clear tumor cells within squamous epithelium
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5. Adenomyosis
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-Morphology: small, soft, red or cystic areas in myometrium, spongy
myometrial wall, endometrial glands and stroma found in myometrium -S+S: asymptomatic OR pelvic pain, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia |
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6. Endometriosis
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-Morphology: foci of endometrium appear red-blue to yellow-brown nodules, chocolate cysts of ovaries, posterior uterus
-S+S: Severe dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, dysuria, infertility (30- 40%) -Complications |
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7. Endometrial Polyps
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-Etiology: unknown, but may grow in response to increased estrogen
-S+S: asymptomatic or can cause bleeding -Morphology: benign sessile masses that are 0.5-3.0 mm that project into endometrial cavity |
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8. Endometrial Hyperplasia
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-Etiology: prolonged high levels of estrogen
-Morphology: cystic, adenomatous, or adenomatous hyperplasia with atypia -S+S: abnormal bleeding, high risk for endometrial carcinoma -Complications: metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, or menometrorrhagia, or carcinoma It is related to prolonged high levels of estrogen, persistent anovulation in young women, polycystic ovarian disease, functioning granulosa cell tumors of the ovary, administration of estrogenic substances |
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9. Leiomyoma
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-Morphology: sharply circumscribed, round, firm, gray-white tumors from
small to massive -S+S: asymptomatic, abnormal bleeding, urinary frequency, pain, impaired fertility, often multiple |
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10. Ovarian Cyst
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-Etiology: unruptured graffian follicles or ruptured and immediately sealed,
abnormal gonadotropin release -Morphology: multiple, up to 2 cm, filled w/ clear, serous fluid that may contain estrogen and progesterone -S+S: pelvic pain, can induce precocious puberty or menstrual irregularities, can rupture and cause abdominal pain (follicular) *functional luteal cysts: originate from corpus luteum, continued progesterone productions causes menstrual irregularities, pain from rupture, self-limiting |
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11. Polycystic Ovarian Disease
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-Etiology: Elevated testosterone, LH, LH/FSH >2, estrone, hyperinsuliemia (insulin resistance); Young women
-Morphology: ovaries are double in size with numerous subcortical cysts 0.5-1.5 cm. Hyperthecosis; no corpora lutea. Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma -S+S: Stein-Leventhal syndrome: numerous cystic follicles, oligomenorrhea (50%), anovulation, obesity (40%), hirsutism (50%), virilism, infertility (75%). |
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12. Ovarian Cancers
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*common, risk factors: nulliparity, family history, pathogenesis: BRCA 1+2,
p53, abdominal pain, distension, abdominal and vaginal bleeding |
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Surface epithelial cells:
Serous tumor- |
common cystic tumors, 75% benign, 40% of cancers of ovary, papillary and psammomma bodies possible
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Mucinous tumor-
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large sticky masses d/t glycoproteins; 80% benign, Pseudomyxoma peritonei, not bilateral, malignant, lack psammomma bodies, endocervix-like or intestinal lining cells
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Germ cells:
Teratoma- |
dermoid cysts, struma ovarii (thyroid tissue), carcinoid tumor t hat induces carcinoid syndrome, can be bilateral, hair and sebum produced, immature malignant, excellent prognosis, neuroepithelial tubules
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Dysgerminoma-
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20-30 decade, malignant, usually unilateral (90%), extremely radiosensitive, some HcG, same appearance as seminoma
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Yolk sack tumor-
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produce AFP, and α1-antitrypsin; children or young
women with abdominal pain and mass, Shiller Duval bodies! |
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Choriocarcinoma-
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produce HcG
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13. Ovarian Fibroadenoma
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a. Granulosa-theca cell tumor: large amounts of estrogen, benign,
endometrial hyperplasia with bleeding b. Fibrothecoma- unilateral, can produce estrogen, call exner bodies, Meigs syndrome= ovarian tumor, hydrothorax, ascites, resolves after resection of tumor c. sertoli-leydig cell tumor: produce androgens, crystals of Reinke, yellow, some are malignant, induce masculinization |
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14. Fat Necrosis
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-Etiology: trauma, surgery, radiation therapy
-Morphology: adipose tissue inflamed and necrotic, areas of calcification, chronic inflammatory cells present |
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15. Mastitis
Acute Mastitis |
-Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus
-Morphology: unilateral, acute inflammation, single/multiple abscesses -S+S: inflammation of breasts during nursing, cracks and fissures of nipples |
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Periductal Mastitis
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-Etiology: smokers
-Morphology: keratinizing squamous epithelium blocks ducts -S+S: painful erthyematous subareolar mass, fistula is formed from under the nipple onto the skin at the edge of areola |
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16. Fibrocystic Changes
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-Etiology: hormonal imbalance, excess estrogen, functioning ovarian
tumor, deficiency of progesterone -Morphology: cysts, fibrosis, adenosis, benign, but may mimic carcinoma -S+S: pain, palpable lumps, nipple d/c |
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17. Fibroadenoma
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-Morphology: Sharply circumscribed and freely movable masses, fibrous
capsules and calcification on histo, hormonally responsive -S+S: Palpable mass in young women, and a mammographic density in older women. There is a mild increased risk in developing breast cancer |
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18. Carcinoma of the breast
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Most common type: invasive ductile carcinoma, left breast UOQ,
cribiform pattern, microcalcifications, arises from terminal ducts |