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185 Cards in this Set
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8 Steps for Food to go from Mouth to Stomach:
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~Press h for hint to get THE 8 STEPS answer.~
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*food+saliva=bolus > tongue+cheeks push bolus to back of mouth > soft palate+uvula seal off nasal cavity > tongue tip pushes against top of mouth, while tongue base pushes bolus down & sides of pharynx contract > hyoid bone+larynx elevate > bolus pushes down on epiglottis, blocking trachea > contraction of pharynx pushes bolus into esophagus, past larynx > contraction waves push bolus thru esophagus to stomach, & neck+throat muscles relax, and return to normal breathing position*
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abdomen
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[L] below the chest to the hips
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not a specific medical anatomic term, but only a method of designating the external area specific to organs of digestion.
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abdominal hernia
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the protrusion of some internal body structure thru the abdominal wall;
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achalasia
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[L] esophagus
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impairment of normal esophageal peristalsis; impairs the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter; symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation, nocturnal cough, and chest pain.
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adventitia layer of lumen
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4th layer of the lumen; [L] outer layer of the a. canal wall
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covered by the serosa or visceral peritoneum.
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adynamic ileus
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a type of ileus;
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a suspension of peristalsis because of paralysis or atony (lack of normal muscle tone or strength). This can be the result of drugs, toxemia, trauma, or surgery
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afebrile
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not having a fever.
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alimentary canal (LAYERS)
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LAYERS from Innermost to Outermost: ]lumen (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia), visceral peritoneum]
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all of the a. canal consists of these layers, except the mouth and pharynx which are used not only for digestion, but for respiration.
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alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract
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[L] the tube that extends from lips to anus; ~ 9m or 30 ft. long
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coiled, varies in diameter; although it is made up of individual parts, it never branches and is a continuous tube.
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amebiasis
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the state of being infected by amebae
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amebic dysentery
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[T[ the most common type of dysentery; [L] anywhere in the intestine;
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an ulceration of the bowel (intestine) caused by amebiasis.
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anal canal
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the 4th'A' major region of the large intestine; [L] comes after the sigmoid colon.
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the anal canal forms a muscular opening in the muscles of the pelvic floor which is called the anus
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anorexia
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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a loss or total lack of appetite
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anorexia nervosa
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[T] psychiatric condition (usually based on an intense fear of becoming obese)
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anus
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the 4th'B' major region of the large intestine; [L] comes after the sigmoid colon and the anal canal.
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muscles of the pelvic floor; surrounded by involuntary and voluntary muscular sphincters.
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appendicitis
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[T] inflammation of the vermiform appendix;
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appendix (general term) or vermiform appendix (used by pathologists)
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[L] diverticulum of the cecum;
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a small, finger-like projection which is attached to the medial portion of the cecum;
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ascending colon
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[L] arises from the cecum and goes in an upward direction (ascending)
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atresia
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the absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ.
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bacterium
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more common reason (than parasites) for GI maladies and disease.
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a pathogenic microorganism whose cell is enclosed in a cell wall.
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Barrett esophagus
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[L] esophagus; [T] type of peptic ulcer;
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[F] a chronic peptic ulcer;
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belching
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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bezoar
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tightly packed, partially digested agglomerations of hair or vegetable matter. Seeds, bubble gum, medication, and other materials can mimic true bezoars.
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bloating
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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body (of the stomach)
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[L] between the lesser & greater curvatures;
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the widest portion of the stomach;
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bolus
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[L] formed in the mouth
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a rounded mass of food
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borborygmus or borborygmos
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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the audible rumbling sounds (borborygmi) of gas moving thru the intestinal tract.
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botulism
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[T] food poisoning; [S] vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty seeing, dryness of the mouth and pharynx, dyspepsia, cough, and often results in death
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caused by the production of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum in improperly canned foods;
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buccal cavity or oral cavity or mouth
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[L] includes mouth, lips, teeth, tongue
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taste, chew
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Campylobacter
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intestinal bacteria
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cardiac orifice
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[L] the junction between the esophagus & stomach
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also referred to as the "GE junction" - gastroesophageal junction; the muscles in this area are in a constant state of contraction in order to prevent the stomach contents from flowing backward.
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cecum
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the 1st major region of the large intestine; [L] opens into the colon;
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contains the appendix;
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cheiloschisis or cleft lip or harelip
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[T] a congenital abnormality
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chills or rigor
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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a shivering or shaking.
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cholecystitis
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[L] gallbladder; [T] chronic infection; [T] acute infection - generally indicates severe infection and often the gallbladder needs to be removed (cholecystectomy);
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inflammation of the gallblader
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cholera
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[T] a type of enteritis;
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spread by food & water contaminated with feces; very common in 3rd world countries.
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cirrhosis
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[L] liver; [T] term refers to a group of liver diseases;
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the normal hepatic structure of the liver is destroyed over time by nodules; in U.S. caused by chronic alcohol abuse; also can be caused by untreated and highly communicable strains of hepatitis.
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Clostridium botulinum
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intestinal bacteria
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Clostridium difficile
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intestinal bacteria
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Clostridium perfringens
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intestinal bacteria
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Clostridium tetani
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intestinal bacteria
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coelomic cavity
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[L] "the outside tube" of the alimentary canal or GI tract
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lined by the parietal peritoneum;
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colitis
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[L] colon
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inflammation of the colon
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colon
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the 2nd major region of the large intestine;
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the colon consists of these 5 areas: ascending colon, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
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common bile duct
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[L] very near the gallbladder;
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conveys bile into the duodenum
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congenital megacolon
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synonym for Hirschsprung disease; megacolon is an abnormal enlargement or extreme dilation of the colon;
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constipation
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; disease
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infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces;
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Crohn disease
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a [T] of inflammatory bowel disease. [L] GI tract, but mostly found in the ileocecal area.
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cause is unknown; frequently leads to obstruction, fistula, and abscess formation.
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cystic duct
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[L] gallbladder
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it drains the gallbladder; it also unites with the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct;
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deglutition
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[L] throat area
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the process of swallowing
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dehydration
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condition which results from an excessive loss of body water.
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occurs when there is vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, mental disorder, coma, or when a patient is taking diuretic medications (those which promote the excretion of urine). It can be life threatening.
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dental caries
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tooth decay
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descending colon
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[L] the portion of the large intestine which goes downward (descending)
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Digestive system is made up of: location of microscopic glandular structures
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[L] found in the walls of the GI tract
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Digestive system is made up of: names of individual organs
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large intestine, small intestine, stomach, etc.
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Digestive system is made up of: names of larger secretory organs
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liver, pancreas, etc.
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secretions are transmitted thru ducts within the GI tract; the secretions break fats into fatty acids, proteins into amino acids; carbohydrates into simple sugars
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dilatation
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the condition, as of an orifice or tubular structure, of being dilated or stretched beyond normal dimensions.
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of a diverticulum
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diverticulosis
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the presence of diverticula with the absence of diverticulitis, especially in the colon.
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diverticulum
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an abnormal bulge, pocket or pouch formed from a hollow or tubular structure.
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dorsal mesentery
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[L] dorsal side of parietal peritoneum, part of the a. canal or GI tract.
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long, thin sheets of tissue which support the GI tract.
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duodenum
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the 1st main region of the small intestine
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it receives secretions from the liver and the pancreas;
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dysentery
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[T] any of a variety of disorders; [L] intestines, especially the colon; [S] abdominal pain, tenesmus, frequent stools containing blood and mucus.
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inflammation of the intestines, especially the colon;
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dyspepsia
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[L] epigastric region (stomach)
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impairment to the power or function of digestion; discomfort in the stomach following a meal or what many people call "indigestion"
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dysphagia
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; [L] occurs in the esophagus
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a subject feeling of difficulty swallowing; it occurs when there is impaired progression of the food bolus from the pharynx to the stomach.
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enteritis
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[L] small intestine, primarily;
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inflammation; often, this is combined as enterocolitis.
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Enterobacter
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intestinal bacteria
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enterocolitis
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[L] intestine and colon;
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inflammation of both at the same time;
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epiglottis
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[L] throat; hangs over the entrance to the larynx; the part of the a. canal which connects the pharynx to the stomach.
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a lid-like structure composed of cartilage; prevents food from entering the larynx (voice box) or trachea upon swallowing; a muscular tube about 25 cm long; involuntary muscle.
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Escherichia coli
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intestinal bacteria
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esophagitis
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[L] esophagus
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inflammation
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febrile
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; having a fever.
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fecalith
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an intestinal concretion (the process of becoming harder or more solid) formed around a center of fecal matter.
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fever or pyrexia
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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an elevation in temp above normal;
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fistula
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[T] there are several types;
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an abnormal passage or communication between 2 organs; or, from an internal organ to the surface of the body; can occur because of trauma, infection, inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, etc.
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flatulence
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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fundus
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[L] extends slightly above the cardiac orifice;
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dome-shaped portion of the stomach;
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gallbladder
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[T] a sac-like organ attached to the [L] undersurface of the liver
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stores and concentrates bile; contains the cystic duct; secretes directly into the a. canal via ducts; therefore, important to digestion.
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gas
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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expressed by bloating, belching, and flatulence.
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gastritis
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[L] lining of the stomach
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inflammation; a problem frequently associated with alcohol abuse; See gastroenteritis;
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gastroenteritis
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[L] lining of the stomach & intestine; [S] anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weakness
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acute inflammation; often a result of bacteria.
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gastroenterology
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the study of the alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract.
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (G.E.R.D.)
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[L] stomach and esophagus; [S] heartburn, and can lead to other severe disorders;
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reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus; usually caused by an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter;
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Giardia
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[L] microvilli of the intestinal walls; [T] an intestinal protozoa that does affect Westerners;
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[F] this protozoa (single-celled animal) has a large, sucking disc which adheres to microvilli; [S] ;
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giardiasis
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[L] microvilli of the intestinal walls; [T] the infection that comes from the Giardia parasite;
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greater omentum
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[L] extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.
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gut
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[L] below the chest to the hips (in a developing embryo)
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not a specific medical anatomic term, but only a method of designating the external area specific to organs of digestion.
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halitosis
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offensive breath
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can be REAL and the result of ingested substances; gingival disease, food fermentation in mouth; association with systemic diseases i.e. diabetic acidosis; or can be IMAGINED and the result of anxiety disorders, obsessive disorders, paranoia, or hypochondria;
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heartburn
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; [L] from the chest and arms, rising upward to the neck.
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a retrosternal sensation of burning felt in waves and arising upward toward the neck.
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Helicobacter pylori
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intestinal bacteria
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hematemesis
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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vomiting of blood.
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hematochezia
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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the passage of bloody stools.
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hepatic duct
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[L] very near the gallbladder;
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joins with the cystic duct after the cystic duct drains the gallbladder; part of the common bile duct;
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hepatic flexure
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[L] the colon bends sharply at approximately the liver
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hepatitis
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[L] liver; [T] A, B or C; [S] malaise, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
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A (spread thru contaminated food or water; slow onset, recovery expected), B (spread by blood or sexual contact or thru contaminated needles or instruments; there is a vaccine; can be fatal) or C (blood transfusions or needles from drug use; acute illness may progress to chronic hepatitis)
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hernia
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[T] several types; i.e. abdominal hernia; hiatal hernia; sliding hiatal hernia; paraesophageal hiatus hernia; inguinal hernia; umbilical hernia;
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the protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue thru an abnormal opening.
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hiatal hernia
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the protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm; [T] sliding hiatal hernia, and paraesophageal hiatus hernia.
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Hirschsprung disease
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[L] colon;
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synonym for congenital megacolon, or a dilatation and hypertrophy of the colon due to the sustained contraction of the muscles of the rectosigmoid
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hypertrophy
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universal
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a general increase in size of an organ's cells, not due to tumor formation; this does not mean that the number of cells increases, just the size of the cells. Ex: Muscles can hypertrophy when people take steroids.
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ileocecal valve
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[L] the area where the small intestine makes the transition to the large intestine.
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ileum
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the 3rd main region of the small intestine
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ileus
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[L] intestine; a common [T] is adynamic ileus
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a temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis, which often leads to obstruction.
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inflammatory bowel disease
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2 common types: Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis;
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can be used to describe a variety of bowel disorders which are inflammatory in nature, whose etiology cannot be directly determined.
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inguinal hernia
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[L] inguinal canal; [T] direct and indirect inguinal hernias;
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intussusception
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occurs when a segment of bowel advances and protrudes into the segment distal to it.
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irritable bowel syndrome
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intermittent or constant abdominal distress & bowel dysfunction, which no proven cause;
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[S] cramping, dizziness, sweating, complete evacuation of the bowel all at once;
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jaundice
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[L] usually indicates a problem with the liver; [T] a syndrome; many types of j.
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[S] characterized by the bile pigment in the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae with a resulting yellow appearance;
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jejunum
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the 2nd main region of the small intestine
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labium
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lip
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large intestine
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[L] the distal-most portion of the alimentary canal
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"large" because - 6 cm in diameter; widest portion of the canal; most water is absorbed and feces are formed; divided into Four Major Regions; no villi in the large intestine; contains teniae coli; there are bulges called sacculations or haustra;
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large intestine: name the 4 Major Regions
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cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal or anus
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lesser omentum
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[L] extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the underside of the liver.
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leukoplakia
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[L] mucous membranes; [T] oral l. is the most common;
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[S] a white patch that will not rub off & considered to be premalignant (precancerous) lesion, common in smokers.
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lingual
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[L] pertaining to the tongue
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lingual frenulum
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[L] connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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frenulum is a general term for a membrane which curbs or limits the movement of an organ or part.
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liver
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[T] largest gland in the body;
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made up of many liver lobules which produce bile; secretes directly into the a. canal via ducts; therefore, important to digestion.
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lumen
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[L] innermost part of the a. canal
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4 layers which surround the lumen; See alimentary canal (LAYERS)
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malabsorption
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[L] intestine;
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[F] m. is a signal that necessary nutrients are not being absorbed properly; [S] combination of weight loss, diarrhea, and anemia indicate m.
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melena (n) or melenic (adj)
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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refers to the passage of dark and pitchy stools stained with blood pigment and black vomit.
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microvilli
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a minute projection of cell membrane that greatly increases the surface area.
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mucosa layer of lumen
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innermost / 1st layer of the lumen
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3 functions: distention, absorption, secretion.
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mumps
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[L] salivary gland; [T] an acute, highly contagious viral disease;
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[S] causes painful enlargement of the salivary glands; primarily in children under 15;
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muscularis layer of lumen
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3rd layer of the lumen
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function: peristalsis occurs here; See peristalsis. The muscularis contains valves or sphincters which are especially thickened circular muscles which occur in strategic places w/in the canal to regulate food passage.
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nasopharynx
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[L] throat; a posterior continuation of the nasal cavity.
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not part of the digestive system.
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nausea
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; [L] epigastric and abdominal area.
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an unpleasant sensation which often results in vomiting.
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obstipation
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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constipation that continues for a prolonged period of time.
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obstruction
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[L] Re: gastroenterology - in the intestine;
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[F] an indicator of adhesions, hernias, tumors, foreign bodies, inflammatory bowel disease, fecal impaction, and volvulus; [S] usually refers to a complete arrest or serious impairment to the passage of intestinal contents;
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odynophagia
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; [L] throat pain during swallowing.
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omentum
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[L] part of the alimentary canal or GI tract.
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when 2 organs are next to each other, double folds of peritoneum (omentum) pass between them to support and transmit vessels and nerves to and from the organs. Omentum consists of 2 sections: lesser omentum and greater omentum.
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oropharynx
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[L] throat; extends from the soft palate within the mouth to the level of the hyoid bone.
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pallor
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; [L] skin
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paleness or the absence of skin color
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pancreas
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[L] abdomen; involved in the both the digestive system and the endocrine system.
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creates juices and secretes them into the duodenum for the breakdown of foods; secretes directly into the a. canal via ducts; therefore, important to digestion.
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pancreatitis
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[L] pancreas;
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[S] inflammation;
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papillae
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[L] tongue
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small elevations on the tongue that are important in the process of digestion
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paraesophageal hiatus hernia
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[T] form of a hiatal hernia
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parasites
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[L] intestine, usually via food consumed or person-to-person contact; [T] many kinds;
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[F] a plant or animal which lives upon or within another living organism at whose expense it obtains an advantage;
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parietal peritoneum
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[L] part of the "the outside tube" or coelomic cavity of the a. canal or GI tract
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the lining of the coelomic cavity; on the dorsal side of the peritoneum: it forms long, thin sheets of tissue (dorsal mesentery) which support the GI tract.
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pedunculated
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a type of polyp that is attached by a stem-like structure or stalk.
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pendant uvula
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[L] throat
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when the bolus is present, p. uvula seals off the nasal cavity along with soft palate. See uvula.
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peptic ulcer disease
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[L] duodenum & stomach;
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[F] inflammation and ulceration by gastric acid juice; Peptic ulcer occurs only if the stomach secretes acid;
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peristalsis
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[L] muscularis layer of lumen in the GI tract
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it is the process of moving food & water thru the tract via contractions; it is made possible by small, circular inner muscles and larger, longitudinal outer muscles.
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peritonitis
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[L] peritoneum;
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[F] inflammation; [S] abdominal pain & tenderness, constipation, vomiting, moderate fever;
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pharyngitis
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[L] pharynx; [T] the most common etiology of a sore throat;
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[F] inflammation; [S] ;
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pharynx: name the components
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nasopharynx, uvula, oropharynx, epiglottis
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the pharynx serves as a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems.
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polyp
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[L] bowel wall to lumen; [T] sessile or pedunculated;
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[F] refers to any mass of tissue that arises from the bowel wall and protrudes into the lumen; polyps vary in size and histologic (microscopic tissue structure) characteristics.
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prolapse
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[L] GI tract; [T] anal (skin of the anus protrudes thru the anus) and rectal (mucosa of the rectum protrudes thru the anus);
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[F] the falling down or sinking of a part;
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protozoa
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a single-celled animal; some are parasites.
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pruritus ani
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[L] anal region;
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[F] pruritus means itching; [S] intense chronic itching;
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pylorus
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[L] the last area of the stomach, just before the duodenum, which is in the small intestine.
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rectosigmoid
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the rectum and the sigmoid colon considered as a unit; also applied to the junction of the sigmoid colon and rectum;
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rectum
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the 3rd major region of the large intestine; [L] between the sigmoid colon and anal canal.
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a tube approximately 15 cm long.
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regurgitation
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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flow in the opposite direction as is normal. See vomiting.
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retroperitoneal
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[L] pancreas, kidneys, duodenum, abdominal aorta
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abdominal organs that are outside the coelomic cavity; therefore, they are not covered by peritoneum.
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sacculations or haustra
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[L] large intestine;
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a series of bulges in the wall of the large intestine.
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Salmonella
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intestinal bacteria
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Schatzki ring
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[L] lower esophagus; [T] a mucosal structure;
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[F] 2-4 mm mucosal structure, probably congenital, which causes a ring-like narrowing;
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sclera
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[L] eye;
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[F] a portion of the fibrous layer forming the outer envelope of the eyeball;
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sessile
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a type of polyp that is attached by a base.
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Shigella boydii
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intestinal bacteria
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Shigella dysenteriae
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intestinal bacteria
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sigmoid colon
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[L] the colon ends in an S-shaped bend right before the rectum.
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sliding hiatal hernia
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[T] form of a hiatal hernia
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small intestine
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[T] the longest portion of the a. canal; ~21 ft. long by 2.5 cm wide.
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bolus leaves stomach and enters the small intestine; smaller in diameter than the large intestine; hence, the name, small intestine; contains villi; does not contain teniae coli, sacculations/haustra.
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small intestine: name the 3 Main Regions
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duodenum; jejunum; ileum
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splenic flexure
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[L] at the left abdominal wall the colon bends sharply
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Staphylococcus aureus
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intestinal bacteria
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stomach
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the most distended portion of the a. canal
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serves primarily as storage for food before it passes into the intestines; converts food into a pasty material
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stomach: name the 4 Major Parts
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cardiac orifice, fundus, body, pylorus
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submucosa layer of lumen
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2nd layer of the lumen
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function: to serve the mucosal layer; highly vascular and composed of elastic and collagen fibers.
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tenesmus
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[T] a symptom of GI illness; [L] anus or anal canal.
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straining; especially ineffective and painful straining during a bowel movement or urination.
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teniae coli
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[L] runs the length of the large intestine;
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3 distinct longitudinal muscles
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TESTS of the Digestive Tract
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upper GI series, abdominal ultrasound, barium enema; sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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transverse colon
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[L] extends in a horizontal direction (transverse across the abdomen)
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ulcerative colitis
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a [T] of inflammatory bowel disease. [L] arises in the colonic mucosa, and usually involves the rectum. [S] often revealed by bloody diarrhea.
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chronic, nonspecific, inflammatory, and ulcerative disease; etiology is also unknown;
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ulcers
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[L] any organ or tissue; [T] many kinds;
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[F] a defect or excavation of the surface; Ex: stress ulcers, ulcerative colitis;
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umbilical hernia
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protrusion of part of the intestine thru the umbilicus (See Muscles tab).
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uvula
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[L] throat; hangs from the soft palate, just above the base of the tongue
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a small, fleshy mass; See pendant uvula.
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villi
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[L] small intestine;
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one of the vascular projections of the small intestine.
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visceral peritoneum or serosa
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[L] covers the adventitia, part of the a. canal or GI tract.
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viscus
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[L] abdomen, chest, liver, pancreas, lungs
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viscera is often used to designate individual organs of digestion; however, it is a general term for any organ of the abdominal or thoracic cavity;
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volvulus
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[L] intestine;
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[F] obstruction due to knotting or twisting of the bowel;
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vomiting or emesis
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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weakness
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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lacking physical strength!
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weight loss
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[T] a symptom of GI illness
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losing pounds w/out trying!
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Zenker diverticulum
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[L] just below the pharynx - this is the most common place that a diverticulum occurs.
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