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291 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Colloquial term for members of the tribe
Hominini, which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergence with African great apes. |
Hominins
|
|
Joined by similar behaviors, emphasizing
the biocultural nature of human evolution pertaining to the concept that biology makes culture possible and that culture influences biology. |
Hominins
|
|
The roots of the primate order go back to the
beginnings of the ______at least 65 mya. |
placental mammal radiation
|
|
The earliest primates date to the ________and diverge from quite early
primitive placental mammals, called ________ |
Paleocene
(65-56 mya) plesiadapiforms |
|
A vast number of fossil primates from the
________have been discovered and now total more than 200 recognized species. |
Eocene (55–34 mya)
|
|
Looking at the whole array of Eocene
primates, it is certain that they were: 1. ____ 2._____ 3.______ |
primates,
2. widely distributed, and 3. mostly extinct by the end of the Eocene. |
|
_________________
• North Africa fossils dating from the early Eocene (50 mya) and Egypt (37 mya) • Darwinius, from the Messel site in Germany, discovered in 2009 and dates to 47 mya, but relationships to living primates are not confirmed |
Early Eocene Primates
|
|
North Africa fossils dating from the early
Eocene (50 mya) and Egypt (37 mya) |
Early Eocene Primates
|
|
Darwinius, from the Messel site in ___discovered in 2009 and dates to 47 mya, but
relationships to living primates are not confirmed |
Early Eocene Primates
Germany, |
|
_________
• The Oligocene (34–23 mya) has yielded fossil remains of several species of early anthropoids. • By the early Oligocene, continental drift had separated the New World from the Old World. • It’s been suggested that late in the Eocene or very early in the Oligocene, the first anthropoids arose in Africa and reached South America by “rafting” over the water on drifting chunks of vegetation. The ancestry of New and Old World monkeys was separate after 35 mya. |
Oligocene Primates
|
|
The ______ (34–23 mya) has yielded fossil
remains of several species of early anthropoids. |
Oligocene
|
|
By the early ______, continental drift had
separated the New World from the Old World. |
Oligocene
|
|
• It’s been suggested that late in the_____or
very early in the _____, the first anthropoids arose in Africa and reached South America by “rafting” over the water on drifting chunks of vegetation. The ancestry of New and Old World monkeys was separate after ______. |
Eocene
Oligocene 35 mya |
|
_________
• Apidium • Primitive dental arrangement suggests near or before evolutionary divergence of Old and New World anthropoids • Small, squirrel-like fruit and seed eating, adept at leaping and springing |
Oligocene Primates from
Fayum |
|
Small, squirrel-like fruit and seed
eating, adept at leaping and springing |
Oligocene Primates from
Fayum |
|
____
• Primitive dental arrangement suggests near or before evolutionary divergence of Old and New World anthropoids |
Apidium
or Oligocene Primates from Fayum |
|
Small, squirrel-like fruit and seed
eating, adept at leaping and springing |
Apidium
or Oligocene Primates from Fayum |
|
_________
• Largest of Fayum anthropoids, roughly the size of a modern howler monkey (13-18 lbs) • Short-limbed, slow-moving |
Oligocene Primates from
Fayum • Aegyptopithecus |
|
Bridges the gap between Eocene
fossils and succeeding Miocene hominoids |
• Aegyptopithecus
|
|
________
1. African forms (23–14 mya) • Especially from western Kenya, these hominoids are, in many ways, primitive. • Proconsul 2. European forms (16–11 mya) • From scattered localities in France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, and Hungary, most are quite derived. • Dryopithecus • Ouranopithecus |
Miocene Fossil Hominoids
|
|
__________
• Especially from western Kenya, these hominoids are, in many ways, primitive. _______ |
Miocene Fossil Hominoids- African forms (23–14 mya)
Proconsul |
|
__________
• From scattered localities in France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, and Hungary, most are quite derived. • _____ ________ |
Miocene Fossil Hominoids-European forms (16–11 mya
Dryopithecus Ouranopithecus |
|
________
• The largest and most varied group from Turkey through India/Pakistan and east to southern China, most are highly derived. ________ |
Miocene Fossil Hominoids-
3. Asian forms (16–7 mya) Sivapithecus |
|
________________
1. These hominoids are more closely related to the ape-human lineage than Old World monkeys. 2. Mostly large-bodied hominoids, more akin to the lineages of orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. 3. Most of the Miocene forms discovered are so derived that they are probably not ancestral to any living form. |
Miocene Hominoid Fossils
|
|
These hominoids are more closely related to
the ape-human lineage than Old World monkeys. |
Miocene Hominoid Fossils
|
|
Mostly_______hominoids, more akin to
the lineages of orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. |
Miocene Hominoid Fossils
large-bodied |
|
Most of the______ forms discovered are so
derived that they are probably not ancestral to any living form. |
Miocene Hominoid Fossils
Miocene |
|
One lineage that appears well established
relates to _______ from Turkey and Pakistan. This form shows facial features similar to the modern orangutan, suggesting a fairly close evolutionary link |
Miocene Hominoid Fossils
Sivapithecus |
|
Evidence of definite hominins from the
Miocene has not been indisputably confirmed. However, finds from Kenya, Ethiopia, and Chad suggest that hominins diverged sometime in the latter ______. |
Miocene Hominoid Fossils
Miocene |
|
Both_______and the ______exhibit a dished
face, broad cheekbones, and projecting upper jaw and incisors |
Sivapithecus
orangutan |
|
Name for members of tribe Hominini
|
Hominins
|
|
Refers to all great apes (orangutans,
gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) and humans |
Hominins
|
|
Defined by dental features, bipedal
locomotion, large brain size, and tool making behavior |
Hominins
|
|
Characteristics that developed at different
rates, called_______ |
Hominins
mosaic evolution |
|
A pattern of evolution in which the rate of
evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems. |
Mosaic Evolution
|
|
In hominin evolution, bipedal locomotion
is a defining characteristic; other features such as brain development and behavior become significant in later stages |
Mosaic Evolution
|
|
Bipedal: shortened pelvis; larger body and
legs; fingers and toes not as long |
Modern
Homo sapiens |
|
Bipedal: shortened pelvis; differences from
later hominins, smaller body and long arms relative to legs; long fingers and toes; capable of considerable climbing |
Early
hominin |
|
Quadrupedal: long pelvis; capable of
considerable arm swinging, suspensory locomotion |
Miocene,
generalized hominoid |
|
Greatly increased brain size—highly
encephalized |
Modern Homo
sapiens |
|
Larger than Miocene forms, moderately
encephalized; prior to 6 m.y.a., no more encephalized than chimpanzees |
Early hominin
|
|
Small compared to hominins, large
compared to other primates; a fair degree of encephalization |
Miocene,
generalized hominoid |
|
Small incisors; canines further reduc
|
Modern
Homo sapiens |
|
Moderately large incisors; canines somewhat
reduced; molar tooth enamel caps very thick |
Early
hominin |
|
Large front teeth; molar teeth variable,
depending on species; some have thin enamel caps, others thick enamel caps |
Miocene,
generalized hominoid |
|
Stone tools found after 2.5 m.y.a.; trend of
cultural dependency in later hominins |
Modern
Homo sapiens |
|
In earliest stages unknown; no stone tool
use prior to 2.5 m.y.a.; more oriented toward tool manufacture and use than chimpanzees |
Early
hominin |
|
Unknown—no stone tools; probably had
capabilities similar to chimpanzees |
Miocene,
generalized hominoid |
|
Efficient bipedalism as the primary form of
locomotion is seen only in _____. |
hominins
|
|
________________
• Freed the hands for carrying objects and for making and using tools. • In the bipedal stance, animals have a wider view of the surrounding countryside. • Bipedal walking is an efficient means of covering long distances. |
Advantages of bipedalism:
|
|
Pelvis is comparatively much shorter and
broader and extends around to the side, stabilizing the line of weight transmission from lower back to hip joint |
Hominim Structural and Anatomical
Alterations |
|
The human os coxae,
composed of three bones |
ischium, illium, pubis
|
|
• Foot as stable support instead of a
grasping limb • Elongated legs to increase the length of stride • Full extension of knee to maintain center of support directly under the body |
Structural and Anatomical
Alterations of Humans |
|
Biocultural Evolution: The
Human Capacity for _____ |
Culture
|
|
______ is a set of learned behaviors; it is
transmitted from one generation to the next through______and not by biological or genetic means |
Culture
learning |
|
Material culture is part of the ______ complex
|
cultural
|
|
All aspects of human adaptation, including
technology, traditions, language, religion, marriage patterns, and social roles. |
The Human Capacity for Culture
|
|
________ is defined as the study of
early humans. |
Paleoanthropology
|
|
Paleoanthropologists reconstruct the _____
_____ and _____of our ancestors: |
anatomy, behavior, and ecology
|
|
a diverse multidisciplinary pursuit seeking
to reconstruct every bit of information possible concerning the dating, anatomy, behavior, and ecology of our hominin ancestors. |
Paleoanthropology
|
|
Locate early hominin sites, collect faunal
remains and artifacts |
Paleoanthropologists
|
|
Stratigraphy, Flourine analysis, Biostratigraphy, paleomagnetism
|
Dating Methods
|
|
___ ____ methods tell you that
something is older or younger than something else |
Relative dating
|
|
_______- based on the law of
superposition, which states that a lower layer is older than a higher one |
Stratigraphy
|
|
______ is used to date remains of
bone |
Flourine analysis
|
|
Chronometric (Absolute), K/Ar, or potassium argon, Carbon-14, Thermoluminescence, Uranium series, Electron spin resonance (ESR)
|
Dating Methods
|
|
_____________method used to date
materials in the 5-1 mya range |
K/Ar, or potassium argon
|
|
_______ method used to date organic material
extending back to 75,000 years |
Carbon-14
|
|
East Africa sites along the Great Rift
Valley where more than 2,000 _______ fossils have been found |
hominin
|
|
_____are found in South Africa sites with geological strata
more complex than along the East African Rift Valley |
Early Hominin
Fossils |
|
Paleoanthropologist Ronald Clarke carefully
excavates a 2-million year-old skeleton from the limestone matrix at ______ cave. Clearly seen are the cranium and the upper arm bone |
Excavation at Sterkfontein
Sterkfontein |
|
East Africa
*Middle Awash (Ethiopia; five localities) 5.8–5.2 mya Ardipithecus *Aramis (Ethiopia) 4.4mya Ardipithecus ramidus |
Key Very Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus) |
|
Central Africa
*Tugen Hills ~6.0mya- Orrorin tugenensis *Toros-Menalla ~7.0 mya- Sahelanthropus tchadenis |
Key Very Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus) |
|
*Middle Awash (Ethiopia; five localities) 5.8–5.2 mya Ardipithecus
|
East Africa
|
|
Aramis (Ethiopia) 4.4mya Ardipithecus ramidus
|
East
Africa Early Fossil Hominind Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus) |
|
Tugen Hills ~6.0mya Orrorin tugenensis
|
Central
Africa Early Fossil Hominind Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus) |
|
Toros-Menalla ~7.0mya Sahelanthropus
tchadenis |
Central
Africa Early Fossil Hominind Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus) |
|
*A. Afarensis 45 kg (99 lb) 29 kg (64 lb)
*A. Africanus 41 kg (90 lb) 30 kg (65 lb) *South African “robust” 40 kg (88 lb) 32 kg (70 lb) |
Estimated Body Weights in
Plio-Pleistocene Hominins |
|
*______________
“robust” 40 kg (88 lb) 32 kg (70 lb) |
South African
|
|
___________
m-41 kg (90 lb) f-30 kg (65 lb) |
A. Africanus
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
____________
m-45 kg (99 lb) f- 29 kg (64 lb) |
A. Afarensis
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
_________
m- 49 kg (108 lb) f-34 kg (75 lb) |
East African “robust”
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
______
m- 52 kg (114 lb) f- 32 kg (70 lb) |
H. Habilis
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
_____
m- 151 cm (59 in.) f- 105 cm (41 in.) |
A. Afarensis
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
______
m- 138 cm (54 in.) f- 115 cm (45 in.) |
A. Africanus
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
______
m- 132 cm (52 in.) f- 110 cm (43 in.) |
South African robust
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
______
m- 137 cm (54 in.) f- 124 cm (49 in.) |
East African “robust”
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
______
m- 157 cm (62 in.) f- 125 cm (49 in.) |
H. Habilis
Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |
|
East Africa
Ardipithecus Aramis Ardipithecus Central Africa Orrorin Tugenensis Sahelanthropus Tchadenis |
Key Pre-Australopith
Discoveries |
|
_________
Large collection of 4.4 mya fossils partial Africa East Africa Aramis fossils, skeletons; bipedal, bur- derived |
East Ardipithecus
Key Pre-Australopith Discoveries |
|
_______
5.2–5.8mya Fragmentary, but probably bipedal East Africa |
Ardipithecus
Key Pre-Australopith Discoveries |
|
~6.0 mya
First hominid with postcranial Remains East Africa |
Tugenensis Orrorin
Key Pre-Australopith Discoveries |
|
~7.0mya
Oldest hominid; well preserved cranium; very small-brained; likely bipedal Central Africa |
Sahelanthropus
Tchadensis Key Pre-Australopith Discoveries |
|
The best-known, most widely distributed, and
most diverse of the early African hominins are colloquially called ______ |
australopiths
|
|
Australopiths _____mya
|
4.2–1.2 mya
|
|
This group of hominins is made up of two
closely related genera: Australopithecus and Paranthropus |
Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)
|
|
Australopiths is made up of two closely related genera:
_____ ________ |
Australopithecus and Paranthropus.
|
|
_____have an established time range of over 3 million years, stretching back
as early as 4.2 mya and not becoming extinct until apparently close to 1 mya. |
Australopiths
|
|
1. They are all bipedal (although not necessarily
identical to Homo in this regard). 2. They all have relatively small brains (i.e., at least compared to Homo). 3. They all have large teeth, particularly the back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel on the molars |
Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)
Major features |
|
They are all bipedal (although not necessarily
identical to Homo in this regard). |
Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)
|
|
They all have relatively small brains (i.e., at least compared to Homo).
|
Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)
|
|
They all have large teeth, particularly the
back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel on the molars. |
Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)
|
|
Dated at between 3.5 and 3.7 m.y.a.
• Fossilized hominin footprints were found in an ancient volcanic bed. • Despite agreement that these individuals were bipedal, some researchers feel they were not bipedal in the same way as modern humans. |
Laetoli
|
|
Dated at between 3.5 and 3.7 m.y.a.
|
Laetoli
|
|
Fossilized hominin footprints were found in an ancient volcanic bed in Laetoli,
Tanzania |
Laetoli
|
|
Despite agreement that these individuals
were bipedal, some researchers feel they were not bipedal in the same way as modern humans |
Laetoli
|
|
deep
impression of the heel and the large toe (arrow) in line (adducted) with the other toes. |
Laetoli footprint
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Sahelanthropus ~____ |
350(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Ardipithecus ______ |
Not known
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Australopithecus afarensis______ |
420(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Later australopiths_______ |
410–530(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Early members of genus Homo________ |
631(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Sahelanthropus______ |
~350(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Ardipithecus______ |
Not known
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Australopithecus afarensis________ |
420(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Later australopiths_____ |
410–530(cm3)
|
|
Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Early members of genus Homo_______ |
631(cm3)
|
|
An important new find of
a mostly complete female infant A. afarensis skeleton was announced in 2006. |
Infant A. afarensis Skeleton
|
|
The discovery was made
at the Dikika locale in northeastern Ethiopia, near the Hadar sites |
Infant A. afarensis Skeleton
|
|
The infant comes from
the same geological horizon as Hadar, dating 3.3 mya. |
Infant A. afarensis
|
|
Later More Derived
Australopiths ______mya |
2.5–1.2 mya
|
|
As they adapted to niches, australopiths
became more derived and showed physical changes making them distinct from their immediate ancestors |
Australopiths (2.5–1.2 mya)
|
|
Australopiths (2.5–1.2 mya)There were at least three separate lineages of
hominins living between 2.5 and 1 mya. _____ ______ ______ |
• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus • Homo |
|
A ridge of bone that runs down the middle
of the cranium. |
Sagittal Crest
|
|
This serves as the attachment for the
large temporal muscles, indicating strong chewing. |
Sagittal Crest
|
|
7 Steps in Interpreting Hominin
Evolutionary Events |
1. Selecting and surveying sites.
2. Excavating sites and recovering fossil hominins. 3. Designating individual finds with specimen numbers for clear reference. 4.Cleaning,preparing, studying, and describing fossils. 5. Comparing with other fossil material—in chronological framework if possible. 6. Comparing fossil variation with known ranges of variation in closely related groups of living primates and analyzing ancestral and derived characteristics. 7. Assigning taxonomic names to fossil material. |
|
What explains the pattern of speciation
|
Patterns are evident
• Early hominin species had restricted ranges; each species exploited a relatively small range and could easily have become separated from other populations of its own species Most species appear to have been at least partially tied to arboreal habitats, some concentrating on diets of coarse, fibrous plant foods, such as roots • Exploiting such resources may have routinely taken them farther away from the trees |
|
Except for some early Homo individuals, there is very little in the way of an
evolutionary trend of increased body size or of markedly greater encephalization; no association of any pre-australopith or australopith hominins with patterned tool use |
What explains the pattern of speciation
|
|
• All early African hominins show an
accelerated developmental pattern (similar to that seen in African apes), one quite different from the delayed developmental pattern characteristic of Homo sapiens |
What explains the pattern of speciation
|
|
1. The primary task of an archeologist at a
paleoanthropological site is to ________ |
search for hominin "traces."
|
|
_________________ dating indicates
that something is older or younger than something else. |
Relative dating
|
|
The radiometric dating technique used to
date material from a few hundred years old to 75,000 years old is ___________. |
Carbon-14
|
|
Efficient bipedalism as a primary form of
locomotion is only seen in hominins. a) True b) False |
True
|
|
• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins
expanded out of Africa into other areas of the Old World. • Since the early hominin fossils have been found only in Africa, it seems that hominins were restricted to this continent for as long as 5 million years. |
First Dispersal of the
Hominins |
|
• Close to___ million years ago, hominins
expanded out of Africa into other areas of the Old World. |
2
First Dispersal of the Hominins |
|
Since the early hominin fossils have been
found only in _____, it seems that hominins were restricted to this continent for as long as 5 million years. |
Africa
First Dispersal of the Hominins |
|
• The later, more widely dispersed hominins were larger, more committed to a _______ habitat and used elaborate stone tools.
|
terrestrial
First Dispersal of the Hominins |
|
After ____ mya, there’s less diversity in these
hominins than in their pre-australopith and australopith predecessors. |
2
First Dispersal of the Hominins |
|
There is universal agreement that the
hominins found outside of Africa are members of genus _____ |
Homo.
First Dispersal of the Hominins |
|
______ is the species for which
there is the most evidence. |
• Homo erectus
First Dispersal of the Hominins |
|
The first hominin to expand into new
regions of the Old World. |
Homo erectus
|
|
As a species, H. erectus existed over_____ years.
|
1 million
|
|
We can understand its success as a
hominid species based on ____ _____ |
behavioral capacities (i.e.) more elaborate tool use)
and physical changes (i.e. larger). |
|
________
• Discoveries from East Africa have established Homo erectus by 1.8 m.y.a. • Some researchers see anatomical differences between the African and Asian discoveries. • They place African fossils into the Homo ergaster species. • Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster represents closely related species and possibly geographical varieties of a single species |
Homo erectus
|
|
Discoveries from East Africa have established
____ _____ by 1.8 m.y.a. |
Homo erectus
|
|
Some researchers see anatomical differences
between the African and Asian Homo erectus discoveries. • They place African fossils into the _______species. |
Homo ergaster
|
|
Analyses show that _____ _____represents closely related species and possibly
geographical varieties of a single species |
H. erectus/ergaster
|
|
________implies nothing directly about shared ancestry,
but implies general adaptive aspects of a group of animals |
Grade
|
|
H.erectus hominins represent a different grade of
_______ than their African predecessors. |
evolution
|
|
______refers to a grouping of organisms sharing a
similar adaptive pattern |
Grade
|
|
Organisms that share common ancestry are said to be in the same _____
|
clade
|
|
Example: orangutans and African great apes could
be said to be in the same _____, but not in the same clade |
grade
|
|
Living in different environments over
much of the Old World, H. erectus populations shared several common physical traits included in the following list: |
Morphology of Homo erectus
|
|
H. erectus
populations shared several common physical traits |
Body Size
Brain Size Cranial Shape Nuchal Torus |
|
Homo erectus
Adult weight_____ average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6 inches • Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to sex • Increased _____ (heavily built body) that dominated hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens |
>100 lbs,
dimorphic robusticity |
|
Homo erectus Brain Size
Cranial capacities ______ • Brain size closely linked with overall body size • H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo sample but relative brain size is about the same • Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably _____ encephalized than later members of genus Homo |
700 cm3 to 1250 cm3
less |
|
Homo erectus Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large _____(supraorbital tori), and projecting nuchal torus • Braincase long and low, with little______development • Cranium _____at base, compared with earlier and later species • ________, a small ridge from front to back along the sagittal suture, reflects bone buttressing in a very robust skull, rather than a specific function |
browridges
forehead wider Sagittal keel |
|
Homo erectus
______ A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach; used to hold up the head. |
Nuchal Torus
|
|
• Homo erectus evolved first in Africa, supported
by evidence of: |
1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of
H. erectus occurring in Africa. 2. 1.8 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya, and not long after at other sites in East Africa. 3. Though, 1.75 mya populations in southeastern Europe; 1.6 mya populations in Indonesia, suggesting quick migrations |
|
The First Homo erectus: _____
|
Homo erectus from Africa
|
|
The earliest H. erectus fossils come from ______, from the same area where earlier australopith and early Homo fossils have been
found. |
East Turkana
|
|
It seems likely that in East Africa around 2.0 –1.8 mya, some form of early Homo evolvedninto ______
|
H. erectus
|
|
• The smallest cranium of any H. erectus from
anywhere in Africa. |
Small Cranium from East
Turkana |
|
Small Cranium from East
Turkana Dated at 1.5 mya, the skull has a cranial capacity of only_____ |
691 cm3.
|
|
The skull shows more gracile features than other East African H. erectus individuals.
• It’s been proposed that this find is a ______ |
Small Cranium from East
Turkana female. |
|
In 1984, Kamoya Kimeu discovered a small
piece of skull on the west side of Lake Turkana at the site known as _____ |
Nariokotome
|
|
________ excavations produced the most complete
______skeleton ever found • Facial bones, a pelvis, and most of the limb bones, ribs, and vertebrae. |
Nariokotome Skeleton WT
15000 H. erectus |
|
• The _____ _____ is dated to
about 1.6 mya. • The skeleton is that of a boy about ___ years of age with an estimated height of _____ |
Nariokotome Skeleton
12 5 feet 3 inches |
|
Find by Louis Leakey in 1960, includes wellpreserved
cranial vault with small part of upper face |
Olduvai Gorge
|
|
Find by Louis Leakey in 1960, includes wellpreserved
cranial vault with small part of upper face. • Dated at 1.4 mya, the cranial capacity is the largest of all the _________specimens. |
African H. erectus
|
|
________browridge is the largest known for any
hominin, but the walls of the braincase are ____ • Similar to East African H. erectus specimens; differs from thick cranial bones in Asian H. erectus. |
Olduvai Gorge
thin. |
|
Ethiopia find dated to appx. 1.3 mya
|
Gona Evidence
|
|
Female pelvis with very wide ________,
indicating large-brained infants in utero Perhaps newborn H. erectus with a brain that was comparable to typical modern human baby |
Gona Evidence
birth canal |
|
Gona Evidence suggests, when compared with Nariokotome
pelvis, considerable sexual dimorphism in skeletal anatomy is linked to ______ and _______ |
reproduction
body size |
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya |
Daka Evidence
|
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed |
Daka Evidence
Asian H.erectus |
|
_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H. erectus |
Daka Evidence
|
|
The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya |
physical
|
|
____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya
|
Earliest African
Emigrants |
|
The discovery of the Dman_____ materials in Republic of Georgia began in the early 1990s.
|
Dmanisi Hominins
|
|
The most informative specimens are four
well-preserved crania, with one recently discovered being almost complete. |
Dmanisi Hominins
|
|
• The remains are the best-preserved
hominins of this age found anywhere outside of Africa. |
Dmanisi Hominins
|
|
The most complete Dmanisi specimen has a less robust
and thinner______, a projecting lower face, and a large upper_____ |
browridge
canine. |
|
All three Dmanisi crania have small ______
capacities |
cranial
|
|
A number of _____ similar to _____ industry from Africa, have been recovered at Dmanisi
|
stone tools,
Olduwan |
|
_____ have an Estimated height ranging from ca 4 feet 9 inches to _____, smaller than full
H. erectus specimens from East Africa or Asia |
Dmansi
5 feet 5 inches |
|
_____Body proportions, however, similar to H. erectus (and H. sapiens) and different from earlier hominins
|
Dmansi
|
|
Possibilities Raised by the Dmansi
Discoveries |
1. First hominins to leave Africa were small-bodied early
form of H. erectus, with smaller brains than later forms and carrying a typical African Oldowan stone tool culture 2. These hominins had none of the adaptations hypothesized to be essential to hominin migration: tall and relative large brains 3. Perhaps two migrations out of Africa at the time: smallbrained, short-statured Dmanisi hominins and large, robust body build of H. erectus populations of Java and China |
|
Homo Erectus from Indonesia
found in Six sites in eastern _____, dating from 1.6 mya to 1 mya, during the Early to Middle _______ |
Java
Pleistocene. |
|
Homo Erectus from Indonesia - The______individuals date from 27,000 ya.
|
Ngandong
|
|
The epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8 mya
until 10,000 ya. |
Pleistocene
|
|
_____ is frequently referred to as the Ice Age, this____ is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes
|
Pleistocene
epoch |
|
The famous Trinil
skullcap found by ________ in_____ |
Eugene Dubois
Java. |
|
40 male and female adults and children
near Beijing, at ______, excavated beginning in 1920’s. |
Zhoukoudian
|
|
Homo Erectus from Indonesia - The______individuals date from 27,000 ya.
|
Ngandong
|
|
The epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8 mya
until 10,000 ya. |
Pleistocene
|
|
_____ is frequently referred to as the Ice Age, this____ is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes
|
Pleistocene
epoch |
|
The famous Trinil
skullcap found by ________ in_____ |
Eugene Dubois
Java. |
|
40 male and female adults and children
near Beijing, at ______, excavated beginning in 1920’s. |
Zhoukoudian
|
|
• Interpretations for this range from ritualistic treatment or
cannibalism to the suggestion that the H. erectus remains are the leftovers of the meals of giant hyenas. • Cultural remains of more than100,000 artifacts indicate site occupation of several thousand years • Lack of evidence of the control of fire and suggestive evidence of bone accumulation of carnivores cast doubt on whether the cave was home or hearth |
Zhoukoudian Homo erectus
|
|
Reconstructed cranium
of Homo erectus from Lantian, China, dated to approximately 1.15 mya. • Two adult females in association with firetreated pebbles and flakes • Mandible with several teeth similar to those at Zhoukoudian |
Lantian cranial remains
|
|
Date 800,000- 580,000 ya, at similar
age to Zhoukoudian • Restored crania using imaging techniques allows comparative analysis • Fauna and paleonevironmental analysis suggests limited hunting of young and old animals |
Yunxian County remains
|
|
Closely related to
Zhoukoudian finds, but later |
Hexian cranial remains
|
|
European specimens of Homo Erectus 4
|
• Atapuerca region in northern Spain, 1.2 mya
• partial jaw with few teeth;closely resembles Dmanisi fossils; simple flake tools and animal bones • Gran Dolina, dated to appx 850,000-780,000 ya • Assigning the fossils to a particular species is problematic, based on the fragmentary nature of the remains • Spanish paleoanthropologists place these hominins into a species called Homo antecessor |
|
_______ region in northern Spain, 1.2 mya
• partial jaw with few teeth;closely resembles Dmanisi fossils; simple flake tools and animal bones |
Atapuerca
|
|
European specimens of _______, dated to appx 850,000-780,000 ya
|
Gran Dolina
|
|
Spanish paleoanthropologists place these European hominins
into a species called_____ |
Homo antecessor
|
|
Ceprano Homo Erectus
Cranium |
From central Italy,
provisionally dated to 800,000–900,000 ya. • A specimin close to H. erectus, or perhaps a different species |
|
Technological Trends in
Homo erectus - Expansion of the brain enabled H. erectus to develop sophisticated tools that span two stone tool industries:____and____ • Biface - stone worked on both sides and used to cut, scrape, pound, and dig. |
Oldowan and Acheulian
|
|
Technological Trends in
Homo erectus |
Expansion of the brain enabled H. erectus to
develop sophisticated tools that span two stone tool industries: Oldowan and Acheulian • Biface - stone worked on both sides and used to cut, scrape, pound, and dig. • Raw materials transported more consistently and for longer distances • Suggests foresight: knew they needed a stone tool in the future and carried what they regarded as useful |
|
______Pertaining to a stone tool industry from
the Lower and Middle Pleistocene |
Acheulian
|
|
_____is Characterized by a large proportion of
bifacial tools (flaked on both sides). |
Acheulian
|
|
_______ tool kits are common in Africa,
southwest Asia, and western Europe, but they’re thought to be less common elsewhere. |
Acheulian
|
|
The Overall Picture
|
Parts of earlier hypotheses are not fully accurate
• Some early emigrants from Africa do not show entire suite of H. erectus physical and behavioral traits • It is tempting to conclude that more than one type of closely associated hominin is represented at Dmaisi • Broad intraspecific variation among some hominins • Well-established populations were dispersed in Africa and Europe in Late Pleistocene |
|
Increased meat consumption may have that led to increased brain and body size in Homo erectus and, ultimately, to_____expansion.
|
geographical
|
|
Do modern humans have to eat meat in order to maintain healthy brains and bodies?
|
• To allow for evolutionary increases in brain
size, our ancestors would have had to find foods with greater nutrients per unit of weight. • The food category with the greatest amount of nutrients per weight is animal protein. • The pattern of amino acids humans need for good health matches the pattern found in animal protein |
|
Homo erectus, with a large _____, may have been the first ancestor to rely on appreciable amounts of animal protein, and descendants continue the pattern of nutrients required to maintain it
|
brain
|
|
The most obvious feature of Homo
erectus that differs from both early Homo and Homo sapiens is _____________ size. |
cranial
|
|
The fossil remains at Zhoukoudian were
unique because they a) belonged to 40 adults and children b) Provided a good overall picture of Chinese H. erectus c) Were lost during the American evacuation of China at the start of WWII and were studied from casts made immediately upon discovery d) all of these choices |
d) all of these choices
|
|
3. Discoveries in Dmanisi in the Republic of
Georgia have pushed back the time frame for hominins in Europe. • True • False |
True
|
|
The Gona pelvis remains suggests a
newborn H. erectus could have had a brain that was almost as large as what is typical for modern human babies. • True • False |
True
|
|
5. Compared to earlier members of the
genus Homo, Homo erectus was a) smaller overall. b) larger overall. c) more or less the same size. d) varied. |
b
|
|
The portion of the Pleistocene epoch
beginning 125,000 ya and ending approximately 10,000 ya. |
Late Pleistocene
|
|
Climatic intervals when continental ice
sheets cover much of the northern continents. |
Glaciations
|
|
_____ are associated with colder
temperatures in northern latitudes and more arid conditions in southern latitudes, most notably in Africa. |
Glaciations
|
|
Climatic intervals when continental ice
sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. |
Interglacials
|
|
_______ in northern latitudes are
associated with warmer temperatures, while in southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter. |
Interglacials
|
|
The Kabwe (Broken
Hill) _____ ____skull from Zambia. • Note the robust browridges. |
Homo heidelbergensis
|
|
The earliest evidence
of Homo heidelbergensis in Africa |
Bodo Cranium
|
|
Gran Dolina finds in northern Spain may
represent___________, possibly dating to 850,000 ya |
H. heidelbergensis
|
|
Atapuerca site of Sima de los Huesos
remains of at least 28 individuals date to 600,000-530,000 ya (represent 80% of all ___ ___ ____remains in the world) |
Middle Pleistocene hominin
|
|
Premodern human populations continued
to live in caves and open-air sites, but they may have increased their use of caves. • Chinese archaeologists insist that many Middle Pleistocene sites in China contain evidence of human-controlled fire. |
Middle Pleistocene Culture
|
|
Researchers found concentrations of bones,
stones, and artifacts at several sites suggesting that Middle Pleistocene hominids built temporary structures. • There is also evidence that they exploited different food sources, fruits, vegetables, fish, seeds, nuts, and bird eggs, each in its own season. • They also exploited marine life, a new innovation in human evolution. |
Middle Pleistocene Culture
|
|
supporting widely practiced advanced hunting.
• However, in 1995 wood spears were found at the Schöningen site in Germany. • These were most likely used as throwing spears to hunt large animals. • The bones of numerous horses were also recovered at Schöningen. |
Middle Pleistocene Culture
|
|
________ Premodern
Humans of the Late Pleistocene |
Neandertals:
|
|
researchers into a separate species___ _____.
|
Homo
neanderthalensis |
|
Neandertals Brain Size: ______than H. sapiens today (1520cm3 compared to 1300-1400 cm3 (perhaps adapted to cold climate).
|
Larger
|
|
Neandertals: Structure: Robust, barrel-chested, and
powerfully muscled with _____ limbs than modern H. sapiens. |
shorter
|
|
Neandertals: ______: Large, long, low, and bulging at the
sides |
Cranium
|
|
Note the occipital
bun, projecting face, and low vault. |
Neandertals La Chapelle-aux-Saints Skull
|
|
_______among
the “last” Neandertals. |
Neandertals St. Césaire
|
|
A cultural period usually associated with
modern humans, but also found with some Neandertals, and distinguished by technological innovation in various stone tool industries. |
Upper Paleolithic
|
|
Neandertals improved previous techniques by
inventing a new variation, _____ |
Mousterian.
|
|
They trimmed a flint nodule around the edges
to form a disk-shaped core. • Each time they struck the edge, they produced a flake, continuing until the core became too small and was discarded. • They then trimmed the flakes into various forms, such as scrapers, points, and knives. |
Neandertal Tools Mousterian.
|
|
Pertaining to the stone tool industry
associated with Neandertals and some modern H. sapiens groups; also called Middle Paleolithic |
Mousterian
|
|
This industry is characterized by a larger
proportion of flake tools than is found in Acheulian tool kits. |
Mousterian
|
|
Mousterian also called
____ ____ |
Middle Paleolithic.
|
|
Remains of animal bones demonstrate that
Neandertals were successful hunters. • Used close-proximity spears for hunting (spear thrower and bow and arrow weren’t invented until the Upper Paleolithic). • Patterns of trauma in Neandertal remains match those of contemporary rodeo performers, indicating close proximity to prey. |
Neandertals Subsistence
|
|
Prevailing consensus has been that
Neandertals were capable of articulate speech. • Even if Neandertals did speak, they did not have the same language capabilities of modern Homo sapiens. |
Neandertals Speech and Symbolic Behavior
|
|
Neanderthals buried their dead.
• Their burials included grave goods like animal bones and stone tools. • They placed the bodies of their dead in a flexed position. |
Neandertals Burials
|
|
Much of what makes humans unique is coded
in genes that have been altered by evolution in the last few hundred thousand years. • By looking at Neandertal DNA, we can see which genes have been modified. • We can then begin to explain the biological bases of human intelligence and even perhaps the nature of consciousness. |
Why should knowing the full genome of
Neandertals help us learn something important about ourselves? |
|
The evolution of the genus Homo over the last two million years can be divided into at least ___ ___transitions.
|
three major
|
|
With regard to the evolution of the genus Homo, most paleoanthropologists have
differing opinions regarding the interpretation of the____ ___ |
fossil material
|
|
Paleoanthropologists study the sudden
expansion of modern Homo sapiens. One problem they have is explaining what happened to the _________________ |
Neandertals
|
|
Neandertals used fire routinely.
• True • False |
True
|
|
______Referring to all or part of the skeleton not including the skull. The term originates from the fact that in quadrupeds, the body is in back of the head; the term literally means “ behind the head.”
|
postcranial
|