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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the formula for calculating Cardiac Output?
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C0=HR x SV
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Stroke volume is related to preload or afterload?
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Preload. Stroke volume is intrinsically controlled by preload (the degree to which the ventricles are stretched prior to contracting).
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Preload is most impacted by: increased filling volumes, mead arterial pressure, or ejection fraction?
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Increased filling volumes
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What is preload?
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Preload is the degree to which the ventricles are stretched prior to contracting. |
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What is Afterload?
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Afterload is the amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation.
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How would chronic, untreated hypertension affect afterload?
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It would cause it to be increased.
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Vascular resistance/pressure is most influenced by what?
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Radius of the vessel.
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What is the formula for blood pressure?
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BP=CO x SVR |
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What is pulse pressure?
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Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. |
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What component of Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure indicates Mitral Insufficiency?
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The v Wave
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An elevated RVEDP is found in what pathology?
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RV Infarct |
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If the RA waveform is 2x the normal value, where would this be demonstrated in the physical assessment?
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What is the most common cause of Pulmonic Stenosis? |
Congenital |
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The blue proximal port of the swan is located how far from the distal tip of the swan? |
30cm |
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When performing a thermodilution cardiac output, where does the operator inject 10ml of saline and where is the temperature changed measured? |
The operator injects 10ml of saline into the RA and the temperature change is measured in the PA. |
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After the transducer is zeroed it falls off the side of the table to the floor. The pressure being read off the transducer is now reading higher or lower?
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Higher |
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What is pulsus paradoxus? |
an abnormally large decrease in systolic blood pressure and pulse wave amplitude during inspiration. |
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What is pulsus paradoxus a sign of?
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Cardiac Tamponade |
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What are signs of LV failure? |
Orthopnea, Pulmonary congestion, decreased exercise tolerance |
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Equalization of RVEDP and LVEDP are found in what? |
Restrictive Pericarditis |
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What is a sign of Right Sided Heart Failure? |
JVD, pitting edema |
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Radiolucent means what?
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X-RAYS are permitted to pass through |
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Radiopaque means what? |
X-RAYS are not permitted to pass through |
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How does reopro work?
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Reopro to the intact platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor, which is a member of the integrin family of adhesion receptors and the major platelet surface receptor involved in platelet aggregation.
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Heparin potentiates the action of what?
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Antithrombin |
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Fibrinogen is converted to Fibrin by the action of what?
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Thrombin |
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How many pathways are there to initiate the clotting cascade?
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two |
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How does aspirin work? |
Inhibits the release of Arachadonic acid |
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If a patient has diabetes and renal failure with a creatinine of 2.0 what would you give?
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Fluids to hydrate |
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If a patient is taking NPH insulin, which medication should not be given?
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Protamine |
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Which medication is most commonly given with SVT? |
Adenosine
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An elevated PCWP, orthopnea, increased LVEDP, decreased O2 sat are sins of which side heart failure.
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Left sided Heart Failure |
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How would you monitor heparin therapy if ACT is unavailable?
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PTT |
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Prior to mitral valvuloplasty, a TEE is performed to identify what contraindication?
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Atrial thrombus
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What is pulsus alterans, and what does it indicate?
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Pulsus alternans is a physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment (Left Sided Heart Failure).
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When considering FFR, a significant stenosis (>70%) may yield an FFR >0.80 if there is significant collateral flow to the vessel. True or false? |
True |
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When considering FFR: values greater than 0.75 - 0.80 indicate a non-significant stenosis and lower values indicate a significant stenosis. True or false?
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True |
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What is the definition of FFR? |
FFR = Pd/Pa ( Pd = pressure distal to the lesion, Pa = pressure proximal to the lesion) |
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When interpreting FFR, an FFR of 0.80 means the stenosis causes how much drop in blood pressure distal to the lesion? |
20% |
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What is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis? |
atherosclerosis |
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The fossa ovalis is located where? |
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What is the head hunter catheter used to visualize? |
Left and right ICA and ECA |
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The Amplatzer is used for what? |
To close a PFO |
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The Eustachion valve is located where? |
Between the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. |
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Does myocardial contractile force (dp/dt) increase or decrease when the heart rate slows?
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Increases |
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If the heart rate slows, does the stroke volume increase or decrease? |
Increases |
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Where should the IABP be placed?
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Above the renal arteries and below the left subclavian artery
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What is the best catheter to cross a stenotic aortic valve?
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AL2 |
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Where is the site of a myxoma?
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Left Atrium |
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What does the ABI measure? |
The difference between brachial and ankle systemic blood pressure. |
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What is the recommended rate of Burr Rotation when using a Rotoblador?
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160,000 to 210,000 |
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What is a common complication of a rotoblador?
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Distal embolization |
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What is the purpose of the IABP? |
Increases coronary artery perfusion, decrease afterload |
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When do the coronary arteries perfuse? |
Diastole |
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If the patient complains of pain down the leg when attempting to puncture the femoral artery, which way do you move the needle?
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Medial |
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What are the landmarks for the internal jugular approach?
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Head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicular head |
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In relation to a coronary lesion, where should the wire be placed? |
3-4cm distal |
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A catheter is 2.66cm. What French size is it?
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(.33cm per French size) |
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What hemodynamic finding do you have with Left Heart Failure?
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Elevated pulmonary pressures
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Acute pulmonary edema occurs with inadequate emptying of what?
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Left ventricle |
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Proper IABP setting should result in an arterial pressure showing what?
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systolic decrease and diastolic increase |
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What is the normal rate of travel for an automated IVUS pullback?
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0.5-1 mm/sec
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A VSD develops in your adult STEMI pt. this shunt will normally be: |
L-R and the pt. will be acyanotic or pink
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During heart catheterization cyanotic cardiac shunts show what?
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A stepdown in 02 sat on the left side of the heart
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What is a transseptal catheter which is introduced over the wire?
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A Brockenbrough catheter
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What is the formula for pulmonary vascular resistance?
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mPA - PCWP / CO x 80
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What is the formula for systemic vascular resistance?
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What are Hybrid Reference Units (HRU)?
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Hybrid reference units, or wood units, refers to a ratio of a pressure difference to the cardiac output, where the pressures are measured in units of millimetres of mercury (mm[Hg]) and the cardiac output is measured in units of litres per minute (L/min). |
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What are Absolute Resistance Units (ARU)?
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Absolute Resistance Units also refer to a ratio of a pressure difference to the cardiac output and are reported in Dynes/sec/cm5. Hybrid Reference Units are converted to Absolute Resistance Units by multiplying the result by 80. |