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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Enzymes are made of what?
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Protein
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_____ are enzyme activators; includes some vitamins
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Coenzymes
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Which vitamins serve as coenzymes in the production of energy? (4)
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Pantothenic acid, Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3)
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______ assists enzymes; usu minerals
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Cofactor
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Thyroxine ______blood sugar
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Raises blood sugar by stimulating liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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In what age group is the BMR highest?
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Ages 0-2 years
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is measured when?
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In the morning when reclining, awake, relaxed, at normal body temp, at least 12 hours after last meal, and several hours after strenuous activity.
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Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is measured when?
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Anytime of day, after eating or exercise: after short rest, controlled intake. More frequently measured than BMR.
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What is the respiratory quotient for carbohydrate alone, fat alone, ad mixed intake?
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CHO alone: 1
Fat alone: 0.7 Mixed intake: 0.85 |
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To lower the respiratory quotient (RQ), which must be increased, CHO, fat, or protein?
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Fat - increase the fat intake to lower the RQ
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List the monosaccharides. (3)
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Glucose, fructose, galactose.
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List the disaccharides and their components (3)
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Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Lactose (glucose and galactose) Maltose (glucose and glucose) |
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Sorbitol has ____ (same, more or less) calories compared to glucose
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Same, but absorbed more slowly by passive diffusion. (may cause diarrhea)
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Protein contains what percentage nitrogen?
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16%
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Which amino acids contain sulfur? (3)
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Cysteine, cystine, methionine
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List the essential amino acids
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TV TILL PMH
Threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine |
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Amino acids that are conditionally essential during catabolic stress (2)
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Arginine, Glutamine
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Tryptophan is a precursor for what? (2)
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Serotonin and niacin
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Complete protein means what?
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Contains all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio to maintain body and promote growth
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If a pt is on a low protein diet, what types of protein should be given?
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Those with a high biological value (HBV) (complete proteins)
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____ % of protein can be converted to glucose
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58% - making it an inefficient energy source
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Soybeans are low in _____ (amino acid)
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Methionine (this essential a.a. is missing in most vegetables)
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Legumes are low in which amino acids? (3)
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Methionine, cystine, and tryptophan.
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Gelatin is low in which amino acids? (3)
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Methionine, lysine, and contains NO tryptophan
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What is a phospholipid?
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A type of lipid in the cell membrane; controls passage of cpds in and out of the cell.
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Most phospholipids are what?
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Lecithins which contain choline, a lipotropic factor which helps prevent fat accumulation in the liver.
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Lecithins functions through which enzyme?
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LCAT
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Choline
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Choline is a lipotrophic factor that helps prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver.
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Which oil is the most polyunsaturated?
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Safflower
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Which oil is the most unsaturated?
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Canola
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What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
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Linoleic acid (omega-6)
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (omega 3) |
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What is a good source of linoleic acid?
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Safflower has the most linoleic acid; soybean oil is also a good source.
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What is a good source of alpha-linolenic acid?
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Mainly from fish oils - EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
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Lack of linoleic acid leads to what?
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Poor growth, eczema, petechiae
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If linoleic acid replaces CHO, it _____ LDL, _____ HDL (reduces or increases)
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Reduces LDL, Increases HDL
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If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat, it ______total cholesterol, ______HDL(reduces or increases)
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Reduces total cholesterol, reduces HDL
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Alpha-linolenic acid _____ hepatic production of triglycerides, ____ cholesterol levels
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Decreases hepatic production of triglycerides; little effect on cholesterol levels
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What does the omega sign of a fatty acid designate?
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The location of the 1st double bond, counted from the METHYL END of the fatty acid.
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_______ is the process of adding hydrogen converting a polyunsaturated fat, converting it into to a saturated fat.
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Hydrogenation
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Trans fatty acids have a ____ structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids
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Linear
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Best sources of trans fatty acids (3)
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Margarines, shortenings, frying fats
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What are the best sources of saturated fat (in order of predominance)?
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Coconut oil, palm kernel, cocoa butter, butter, beef tallow, palm oil
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What are the best sources of monounsaturated fat (in order of predominance)?
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Olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil
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What are the best sources of polyunsaturated fat (in order of predominance)?
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Safflower, corn, soybean, cottonseed, sunflower
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List the types of fatty acids in butter (in order of predominance).
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SFA, MUFA, PUFA
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List the types of fatty acids in margarine (in order of predominance)
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PUFA, MUFA, SFA
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What is the formula to determine calories from alcohol?
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(0.8)(proof)(ounces)
Where proof = % alcohol x 2 |
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What is winterized oil?
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Oil chilled so that fat with high melting points are filtered out (winterized oil is clear not cloudy - useful for salad dressing)
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The toxic level of vitamin A
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10,000 IU
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Functions of vitamin A (2)
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skin, vision
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Sources of vitamin A
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Dark green leafy vegetables, cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato (richer colors = better sources)
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Vitamin A needs (male and and female)
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M: 900 micrograms RE
F 700 micrograms RE |
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Deficiency of vitamin A causes what? (3)
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1. Nyctalopia (night blindness) which is an early sign and IS reversible
2. Xerophthalmia (corneal damage) - only after prolonged, severe deficiency - NOT reversible 3. Hyperkeratosis - dry scaly skin |
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What is the precursor for vitamin A?
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Carotene is the precursor (provitamin) and is converted in intestinal mucosal cells
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What is the precursor for vitamin D?
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Cholesterol
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7-dehydrocholesterol --> Vitamin D3. What is needed for this to take place?
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UV light
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Functions of vitamin D?
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Ca, P metabolism
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Sources of Vitamin D
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Sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk, cod liver oil
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How much vitamin D is needed?
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AI 5-15 mcg
(15 mcg = 600 IU) |
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What does Vitamin D deficiency cause?
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Rickets - soft bones
Osteomalacia - adult rickets |
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7-dehydrocholesterol ---(UV light)---> Vit D3 (cholecalciferol) --> _____
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D2 (ergocalciferol) (synthesized in plants)
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Vitamin E is known as
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tocopherol (alpha tocopherol is the only form that meets human requirements)
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Vitamin E is one of the _____ toxic vitamins (least or most)
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Least
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What is the upper limit for vitamin E?
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1000 mg
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What are the functions of Vitamin E?
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Antioxidant; also resists hemolysis of RBC
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Sources of vitamin E
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Vegetable oils, whole grains, green vegetables.
NIH list: wheat germ oil, almonds, sunflower seeds and oil, spinach, broccoli, etc. |
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Vitamin E needs
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15 mg
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What does a deficiency of vitamin E result in?
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Hemolytic anemia
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How is vitamin K synthesized?
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By bacteria in the lower intestinal tract
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What are toxicity symptoms of vitamin K?
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There are NO specific toxicity symptoms
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What are the functions of vitamin K?
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Forms prothrombin in liver; aids blood clotting; given pre-surgery
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Sources of vitamin K
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Spinach, kale, collard greens, broccoli, brussels sprouts, parsley, green leafy vegetables.
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How much vitamin K is needed?
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M: 120 mcg
F: 90 mcg |
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What does vitamin K deficiency cause?
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Slow clotting leading to hemorrhage
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What interferes with vitamin K?
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Mineral oil, antibiotics, anticoagulants
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Vitamin B1 is also known as ____
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Thiamin
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Vitamin B1/thiamin is lost when temperature or pH _____
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Rises (thiamin is heat stable in acid - when cooking)
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Functions of Vitamin B1/thiamin
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Oxidation of CHO; increased CHO in diet --> increased thiamin needs.
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Source of Vitamin B1/thiamin
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Grains, wheat germ, pork, liver; Better retained in meats cooked at lower endpoint temp, and roasted at lower oven temp
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How much vitamin B1/thiamin is needed?
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M 1.2 mg
F 1.1 mg |
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The lab value that reflects thiamin deficiency is_____
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Plasma pyruvate --> thiamin deficiency
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Deficiency of thiamin causes what?
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Muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, beriberi, reduced erythrocyte transketolase
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Vitamin B2 is also known as ____?
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Riboflavin
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Vitamin B2 is destroyed by ____
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UV light
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Functions of Vitamin B2/riboflavin
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Energy release from protein; present in many coenzymes
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Sources of riboflavin
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Liver, kidney, meat, milk.
Also, lean meat, eggs, legumes, nuts, leafy green vegetables |
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How much Vitamin B2/riboflavin is needed?
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M 1.3 mg
F 1.1 mg |
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Deficiencies of Vitamin B2/riboflavin lead to:
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Growth failure, cheilosis (cracked lips), stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth); riboflavin deficiency affects cells with rapid turnover.
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What is another name for B3?
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Niacin or nicotinic acid
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What is the precursor for B3/Niacin?
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Tryptophan
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What is the function of niacin?
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Metabolism of CHO, protein, fat
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Sources of niacin
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Protein, peanuts
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Niacin/B3 needs
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M 16 NE
F 14 NE NE = Niacin Equivalent; 1mg NE = 60 mg tryptophan = 1 mg niacin |
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Deficiency of niacin/B3 causes ____?
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Pellagra: 4 D's:
Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death (may result from GI d/o or with alcoholism) |
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Precursor of folate
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PABA
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Properties/functions of folate
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DNA synthesis, forms RBC in bone marrow (along with B12), acts as a coenzyme, *prevents neural tube defects*
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Sources of folate
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Liver, kidney, green leafy vegs, citrus fruits. Also, legumes (esp lentils, chickpeas, black beans), asparagus
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Folate needs
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400 mcg
Pregnancy: 600 mcg |
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Deficiency of folate leads to:
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Megaloblalstic, macrocytic anemia; diarrhea, fatigue
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Another name for vitamin B6
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Pyridoxine
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What are the functions of vitamin B6?
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Coenzyme in amino acid metabolism: deamination, transamination
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Increased protein --> _____ pyridoxine (B6) needs
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Increased
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Sources of pyridoxine/B6
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Meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver; also, potato, banana, garbanzo beans, etc.
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How much pyridoxine/vitamin B6 is needed?
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M 1.3 - 1.7 mg
F 1.3 - 1.5 mg |
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Deficiency in B6/pyridoxine leads to
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Seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis
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What is another name for vitamin B12?
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Cyanocobalamin (contains cobalt)
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Functions of B12
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Coenzyme in protein synthesis; forms RBC
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B12 is bound by what?
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Intrinsic factor in gastric juice
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Sources of B12
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Liver, meat, milk (animal sources). Deficiencies are rare - usually due to lack of intrinsic factor
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How much B12 is needed?
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2.4 mcg
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Deficiency of B12 leads to what?
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Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; pernicious anemia - after gastrectomy or removal of ileum, due to lack of intrinsic factor
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What is another name for pantothenic acid?
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Coenzyme A
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What is the function of pantothenic acid?
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Energy synthesis of fatty acids
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How is pantothenic acid synthesized?
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By intestinal bacteria (possibly)
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Sources of pantothenic acid
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Animal foods, grains, legumes
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How much pantothenic acid is needed?
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AI 5 mg
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Pantothenic acid deficiency
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Rare deficiency - paresthesia in feet
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What drug interferes with B6 (pyridoxine) metabolism>
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INH - isoniazid - a TB drug
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What is another name for vitamin C?
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Ascorbic acid
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What vitamin is the most easily destroyed?
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Vitamin C (destroyed by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation)
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Vitamin C functions
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Formation of collagen, wound healing, aids iron absorption
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Sources of vitamin C
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Citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green, yellow vegetables, berries (esp strawberries), tomatoes, turnip greens, canteloupe
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Vitamin C/ascorbic acid needs
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75-90 mg
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Vitamin C/ascorbic acid deficiency
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Scurvy
Poor wound healing Bleeding gums |
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Where is biotin found?
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Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, found in many foods
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Function of biotin
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Coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis;
Converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis |
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How much biotin is needed?
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AI 30 mcg
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Symptom of deficiency of biotin
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Muscle pain
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What are the functions of myo-Inositol
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Binds calcium, zinc, iron, membrane structure
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Sources of myo-Inositol
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Outer husks of cereal grains, leafy green vegetables
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What is myo-Inositol?
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In plants as phytic acid; related to sugar; contains phosphorus; vitamin-like factor
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What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
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Calcium
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Calcium is regulated by what hormone?
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Parathyroid hormone
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What aids in absorption of calcium?
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Vitamin D, lactose, and acid
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What interferes/reduces absorption of calcium?
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Oxalates, phytates interfere with absorption (oxalic acid combines with calcium)
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Calcitonin (thyroid) lowers serum calcium by what mean?
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By inhibiting bone resorption
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Functions of calcium
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Blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission
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Sources of calcium
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Dairy products, leafy vegetables, legumes
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How much calcium is needed?
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1000 mg - 1200 mg
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Deficiency of calcium
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Hypocalcemia --> tetany
Rickets |
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Phosphorus is part of ____, ____, _____, and ______
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DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids
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Function of phosphorus
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Transports fat through lymph and blood, and in and out of body cells
Bone, teeth |
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Sources of phosphorus
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Animal proteins: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, processed foods
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Needs for phosphorus
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700 mg
|
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Food form of iron
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Ferric
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Most absorbable form of iron
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Ferrous
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Stored form of iron
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Ferritin
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What is the best assessment parameter of iron status?
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Ferritin
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Where is heme iron found?
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Animal foods
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Where is non-heme iron found?
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Cereals, vegs, poorly absorbed
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Function of iron
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Oxygen transport
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Sources of iron
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organ meats, egg yolk, fish
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What aids the absorption of iron
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MFP (meat, fish, poultry) Factor, acid, vitamin C, calcium (oxalates bind iron, but if Ca is also present, it will bind to oxalates 1st, freeing up iron for absorption)
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How much iron is needed?
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M 8mg
F 18mg |
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Deficiency of iron
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Anemia
Spoon-shaped nails Fatigue |
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What does NOT aid the absorption of iron?
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Eggs, tea, cow's milk, cheese
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Functions of magnesium
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Protein synthesis, stabilizes structure of ATP, works with calcium in neuromuscular transmission
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Sources of magnesium
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Abundant in foods (found as part of chlorophyll). Good sources include: halibut, almonds, cashews, soybeans, spinach, potato, peanuts, legumes, etc.
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Magnesium needs increase with increases in what nutrients in the diet?
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As PRO, Ca, D increase in diet, more Mg is needed
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How much magnesium is needed?
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M 420
F 320 |
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Magnesium deficiency s/s
|
Rare: tremors
|
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Functions of zinc
|
Increase taste acuity
Enhances insulin action |
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Sources of zinc
|
Meat, liver, eggs (animal products)
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Excess zinc leads to ______ deficiency?
|
Copper
|
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How much zinc is needed?
|
M 11 g
F 8 g |
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Deficiency of zinc causes what?
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Poor wound healing
Reduced taste acuity |
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Iodine is part of ______
|
Thyroxine
|
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Sources of iodine
|
Seafoods, iodized salt
|
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Deficiency of iodine s/s
|
Goiter
|
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How much iodine is needed?
|
150 mcg
|
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Fluorine Function
|
Teeth, bones
|
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Sources of fluorine
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Soil, water
|
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Amount of fluorine needed
|
M 4.0 mg
F 3.0 mg |
|
Copper is attached to
|
Protein ceruloplasmin
|
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Copper is essential for synthesis of ____
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Hemoglobin
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Copper aids absorption of ____
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iron
|
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Sources of copper
|
Liver, kidney, shellfish; also, whole grains, beans, nuts, potatoes, dark green leafy veg, yeast, dried fruits, black pepper
|
|
How much copper is needed?
|
900 mcg
|
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In Wilson's disease, serum copper is ____ (reduced or increased)?
|
Reduced (copper deposits in liver, brain, and other organs) in Wilson's disease due to deficiency of ceruloplasmin
|
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Selenium functions
|
Tissue respiration
Antioxidant |
|
Source of selenium
|
Soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy
|
|
How much selenium is needed?
|
M 55 mcg
F 45 mcg |
|
Deficiency of selenium
|
Myalgia, cardiac myopathy
|
|
Function of manganese
|
Central Nervous System
|
|
Sources of manganese
|
Whole grains, legumes, nuts
|
|
How much manganese is needed?
|
1.8 - 2.3 mcg
|
|
Deficiency of manganese
|
Weight loss, dermatitis
|
|
Functions of chromium
|
Aids insulin action
Maintains normal glucose metabolism |
|
Sources of chromium
|
Yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver
|
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How much chromium is needed?
|
25 - 35 mcg
|
|
Deficiency of chromium
|
Glucose intolerance
Lipid abnormalities |
|
Functions of sodium
|
Acid/base balance
Osmotic pressure |
|
Sources of sodium
|
Table salt, seafood, cheese
|
|
How much sodium is needed
|
500 to 3000 mg
|
|
Deficiency of sodium
|
Anorexia, muscle atrophy
|
|
Sodium is reabsorbed by _____
|
Aldosterone
|
|
Sodium is retained by ______
|
Steroids
|
|
Functions of potassium
|
Acid/base balance
Osmotic pressure |
|
Sources of potassium
|
Fruits, vegetables, meat
|
|
How much potassium is needed?
|
2 grams
|
|
Deficiency of potassium
|
Muscle weakness
|
|
Aldosterone _______ (increases or decreases) excretion of potassium
|
Increases
|
|
Hyperkalemia can cause _______
|
Cardiac irregularities
|
|
Sulfur is part of which amino acids? (3)
|
Cysteine, cystine, methionine
|
|
Sources of sulfur
|
Animal proteins: meat, fish, poultry, eggs
|
|
How much sulfur is needed?
|
AI 425-550 mg
|
|
Choline is a component of what?
|
Lecithin
|
|
Choline transports lipids as _____
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
Sources of choline
|
Fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans
|
|
The 2 minerals that are important for glucose metabolism
|
Chromium and zinc
|
|
As energy expenditure of the body increases, the need for which vitamins increases? (4)
|
Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid (all are coenzymes)
|