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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
priapism
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a painful erection lasting four hours or more, that is not accompanied by sexual excitement
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testes
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primary sex organ in males which produces gametes, i.e., the sperm
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gubernaculum testis
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cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extends from the inferior part of each testis to the posterior wall of a small pocket of peritoneum
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spermatic cord
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composite structure that consists of layers of fascia, tough connective tissue and muscle enclosing the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics supplying the testes
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inguinal hernia
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protrusion of a loop or portion of the visceral abdominal contents through the inguinal canal
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contents of the spermatic cord
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ductus deferens (vas deferens)
testicular artery pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves cremaster muscle |
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cremaster muscle
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continues with abdominal wall, elevates scrotum for temperature regulation
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perineal raphe
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raised thickening in the scrotal surface that marks the division between the two compartments
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scrotal cavity
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name of compartments which hold the testes
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tunica vaginalis
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serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and lines the scrotal cavity
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dartos muscle
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layer of smooth muscle found within the dermis of the scrotum (tonic contraction causes the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the scrotum)
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cremaster muscle
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layer of skeletal muscle that lies deep to the dermis (contraction tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body)
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cremasteric reflex
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contraction occurs during stimulation of inner thigh, sexual arousal, temp. change (shrinkage)
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tunica albuginea
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dense fibrous layer that surrounds the testes-rich in collagen fibers which extend into the testes forming partitions or septa
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mediastinum of the testes
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area of the testes where the septa converge-supports the blood vessels, lymphatics of the testes and the ducts that collect and transport sperm out of the testes
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lobules of the testes
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compartments resulting from the septa
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seminiferous tubules
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long coiled u-shaped tubes that are distributed among the lobules (site of sperm production)
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straight tubule
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single tube that connects the seminiferous tubules to the mediastinum of the testes
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rete testis
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series of interconnected tubular passageways within the mediastinum of the testes
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efferent ductules
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connect the rete testes to the epididymis, where sperm is stored and maturation occurs
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interstitial cells
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located in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules-produces testosterone
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functions of testosterone
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sperm production and maturation, accessory organ maintenance, development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body, and influences brain development by stimulating sexual behavior and drive
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gonads
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reproductive organs that produce reproductive cells (gametes) and hormones
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reproductive tract
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consists of ducts that receive, store and transport gametes
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accessory glands and organs
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secrete fluids into ducts of the reproductive system or into other excretory ducts
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spermatogenesis
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process of sperm production that begins in the outermost layers of the seminiferous tubules
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spermatogonia
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stem cells that are dormant until puberty when they begin dividing. at each division one daughter cell remains in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule as an undifferentiated stem cell
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primary spermatocyte
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cell that reaches the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and prepares to begin meiosis
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secondary spermatocyte
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2 are formed from division of the primary spermatocyte. this is the first step of meiosis
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spermatids
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4 are formed from the division of each secondary spermatocyte
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spermiogenesis
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process of sperm differentiation that leads to formation of mature sperm
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sustentacular cells
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aka sertoli cells. large cells that are attached to the basement membrane at the tubular capsule
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Functions of sustentacular cells
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maintain blood testes barrier, support spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, secrete inhibin and androgen-binding protein
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When is a spermatid considered a mature spermatozoa (sperm)?
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when they lose their attachment to the sustentacular cells and enter the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
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3 regions of a spermatozoa
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Head-contains densely packed chromosomes and an acrosomal cap
Neck-contains both centrioles of the original spermatid Tail-the only example of a flagellum in the human body |
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Acrosomal cap
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membrane bound, vesicular compartment at the tip of the head that contains enzymes involved with preliminary steps of fertilization
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Oogenesis
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1. mitosis of oogonium before birth (primary oocyte-diploid)
2. DNA replication before birth 3. Synapsis and tetrad formation in the primary oocyte 4. Meiosis 1 after puberty. polar body dies and one secondary oocyte lives (haploid), ovulated in metaphase of meiosis 2 5. Meiosis 2 begun in tertiary follicle and completed if fertilization occurs, second polar body dies, haploid ovum lives. |
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ovarian follicles
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structure of the ovary in which oogenesis occurs
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oogonia
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female stem cells, division is completed before birth
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egg nests
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clusters of primary oocytes in outer portion of ovarian cortex, each oocyte is surrounded by a layer of simple squamous follicular cells
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primordial follicle
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primary oocyte and surrounding follicle cells
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what triggers the start of the ovarian cycle?
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rising levels of FSH in puberty
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epididymis
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long coiled tube, lined with simple columnar epithelium
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capacitation
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activation process that must occur before sperm can successfully fertilize an egg
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head of the epididymis
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superior portion, receives spermatozoa via efferent ducts of the mediastinum of the testes
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body of the epididymis
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distal to the last efferent duct and extends inferiorly along the posterior margin of the testes
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tail of the epididymis
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marked by several convolutions near the inferior border of the testes
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steps of capacitation
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1. sperm becomes motile when mixed with secretions of the seminal vesicles
2. sperm becomes capable of fertilization when permeability of its membrane changes upon exposure to the conditions of the female reproductive tract |
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ductus deferens
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begins at the end of the tail of the epididymis and ascends into the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord
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functions of the epididymis
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1. monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules
2. recycle damaged spermatozoa 3. store sperm and facilitate maturation |
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structure of the ductus deferens
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ampulla-expanded portion
wall-smooth muscle layer-peristaltic contractions propel sperm and fluid along columnar epithelium lined duct ejaculatory duct-short passageway that penetrates the wall of the prostate gland and empties into the urethra near the duct from the other side |
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urethra
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prostatic, membranous, penile
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what percentage of semen volume is secreted by seminiferous tubules and epididymis?
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5%
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Accessory gland functions
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1. activate sperm
2. provide sperm nutrients for motility 3. produce buffers to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal contents |
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What are the accessory glands?
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seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
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seminal vesicles
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tubular glands that are coiled and folded into a compact, tapered mass, sandwiched between posterior wall of the bladder and the anterior wall of the rectum, lined by pseudostratified columnar or cuboidal epithelium-extremely secretory. contributes 60% of seminal fluid including prostaglandins, clotting proteins, fructose to activate sperm by providing energy source
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prostate gland
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small, muscular, rounded gland that encircles prostatic urethra as it leaves urinary bladder. contributes 20-30% of seminal fluid containing seminalplasmin. secretions ejected into prostatic urethra by peristaltic contractions. 30-50 tuboalveolar glands wrapped in smooth muscle. simple-pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining
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bulbourethral glands
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small, round paired glands located at base of the penis, lined by simple columnar epithelium, contributes 10% of seminal fluid in the form of a sticky, alkaline mucous to neutralize urinary acids and lubricate tip of penis
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what does semen consist of?
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20-100 million sperm/cubic ml, seminal fluid produced by the glands, enzymes (protease to dissolve mucous secretions in the vagina, and seminalplasmin)
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seminalplasmin
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antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males, produced by the prostate gland
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regions of the penis
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root-attached to pubic bone
body (shaft)-tubular, movable portion consisting of 3 parallel masses of erectile tissue glans- distal end, enlargement of corpus spongiosum |
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crura
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paired posterior regions of erectile tissue in the root of the penis, continuous with corpora cavernosa, ischiocavernosus muscle
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parts of the bulb
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unpaired posterior region of erectile tissue in the root of the penis. continuous with the corpus spongiosum. bulbospongiosus muscle
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parts of the shaft
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corpora cavernosa-paired erectile tissue on the anterior surface of the body of the penis
corpus spongiosum-erectile tissue surrounding the penile urethra, expands distally to form glans |
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parts of the glans
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prepuce (foreskin), neck (narrowed region of glans), external urethral meatus (opening of urethra to outside), preputial glands (in skin of neck, produce waxy smegma)
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Ejaculation
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2-5 ml of semen pushed toward external urethral orifice by rhythmic contractions of the ischocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles.
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Emission
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sympathetic nervous system coordinates peristaltic contractions that sweep along the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands mixing components of semen
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broad ligament
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extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of pelvic cavity enclosing ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus
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mesosalpinx
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free edge of broad ligament attached to each uterine tube
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mesovarium
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thickened fold of the broad ligament that attaches to the ovary
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rectouterine pouch
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pocket formed between posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior wall of the rectum
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vesicouterine pouch
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pocket formed between anterior wall of the uterus and posterior wall of the urinary bladder
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ova
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female gametes
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ovarian ligament
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extends from the lateral wall of the uterus to the medial surface of the ovary
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suspensory ligament
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extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall. ovarian artery and vein travel to and from ovary in this ligament
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germinal epithelium
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visceral peritoneum consisting of a single layer of cubiodal epithelium covering tunica albuginea, cortex, and medulla
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tunica albuginea (female)
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dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the ovary
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cortex
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superficial region of the interior of the ovary
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medulla
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deeper region of the interior of the ovary
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Steps of the ovarian cycle
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1. formation of the primary follicle
2. formation of secondary follicle by only a few primary follicles 3. formation of tertiary follicle 8-10 days after ovarian cycle begins 4. ovulation 5. formation of corpus luteum 6. formation of corpus albicans |
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Functions of estrogen
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1. stimulate bone and muscle growth
2. maintain female 2ndary sex characteristics 3. affect CNS activity, sex related behaviors and drives 4. maintain function of reproductive glands and organs 5. repair and growth of uterine lining |
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4 regions of the uterine tubes
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infundibulum-end closest to the ovary forms funnel
ampulla-middle portion isthmus-segment attached to uterine wall intramural or uterine portion-opens into uterine cavity |
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fimbria
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fingerlike projections extending from infundibulum into the pelvic cavity that grab the egg when ovary releases one
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histology of the uterine tubes
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simple columnar epithelium lining. ciliated and non-ciliated. concentric layers of smooth muscle suround
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transport along uterine tubes
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ciliary movements and peristaltic contractions stimulated by ANS a few hours after ovulation. oocyte takes 3-4 days to travel the tubes.
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Where does fertilization occur?
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typically in the ampulla
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Postitions of the uterus
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anteflexion-normal, bends anteriorly near base
retroflexion-abnormal, bends backwards toward sacrum |
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uterosacral ligaments
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extend from lateral edges of uterus to sacrum, prevents uterus from moving inferiorly and anteriorly
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round ligaments
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arise on lateral edges of uterus and extend anteriorly, passing through inguinal canal and ending in external genitalia. restricts posterior movement of uterus
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lateral ligaments
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run from base of uterus to lateral walls of pelvis-prevent inferior movement of uterus
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anatomy of uterus
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body-largest region
fundus-rounded portion of body superior to attachment of uterine tubes isthmus-constriction near inferior end of uterus cervix-inferior portion that projects into vagina |
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Parts of the cervix
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external orfice ( external os)-distal end of the cervix that leads to vagina
cervical canal- constricted passageway that opens between external and internal os internal orifice (inthernal os)-proximal end of the canal that opens into uterus |
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Parts of the uterine wall
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myometrium-outer, muscular portion. 90% uterine mass
endometrium-inner glandular layer, about 10% of the mass. perimetrium-outermost serosa layer-found over fundus and anterior/posterior surfaces of uterine body blood supply-arteries and veins |
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Endometrium
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1. functional zone- closest to uterine cavity-contains most of the glands
2. basilar zone-outer layer adjacent to myometrium-terminal branches of tubular glands |
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myometrium
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contains several branches of the uterine artery
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vaginal canal
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proximal end of vagina into which the cervix projects
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fornix
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shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion
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rugae
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folds in the lining of the vagina when relaxed. stratified squamous epithelium
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muscularis of vagina
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smooth muscle walls, two layers, circular and longitudinal, continuous with the muscular layers of the myometrium
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hymen
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elastic epithelial fold separating vagina and vestibule
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vestibular bulbs
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erectile tissue near opening-covered by 2 bulbospongisus muscles
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vulva
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region enclosing the female external genitalia
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vestibule
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central space into which the vagina opens externally
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labia minora
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thin folds of mucous membrane
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labia majora
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fatty external folds
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clitoris
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contains erectile tissue homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis
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prepuce
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extension of the labia minora that sits superior to and encircles the body of the clitoris
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lesser and greater vestibular glands
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discharge secretions into the vestibule, keeping it moistened
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mons pubis
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fatty pad over pubic bone
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