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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are gametes? |
haploid sex cells |
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What is the male reproductive system? |
male gonads (testes) |
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Where do sperm mature and learn how to swim? |
epididymes |
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Where do sperm enter after the epdidymes? and what is that areas function? |
vas deferens where they may be stored |
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What is the nutrient rich fluid in which sperm travel through during ejaculation? |
seminal fluid |
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What type of energy do sperm have at their disposal? |
sugar fructose |
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What is the function of seminal vesicles? |
contributes energy such fructose to semen |
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What is the function of the prostate gland? |
produces secretion containing bicarbonate ion |
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What type of environment do sperm thrive in? |
a basic environment because vaginal fluid is acidic |
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What if the function of Cowper's glands(bulbourethral gland)? |
neutrolizes and lubricates urethra and penis for penetration |
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What hormone contained in sperm causes the uterus to contract? |
prostaglandins |
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What are testes stored in? |
scrotum |
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What is the head of the sperm called? What is its function? |
acrosome, contains enzymes that help penetrate egg |
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What is the function of seminiferous tubules? |
produce sperm |
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What is the production of sperm called? |
spermatogenesis |
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What is the first form of sperm? |
spermatogonia |
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what is the second stage of a sperm? |
spermatocyte |
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What is the third stage of a sperm? |
Spermatid |
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What is the last stage of a sperm? |
Spermatozoa |
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Describe the life cycle of a sperm to become mature |
Spermatogonia (1) goes through mitosis to become a spermatocyte (1) and then goes through meiosis to become a spermatocyte (42 then goes through meiosis to become a spermatid (4), then eventually matures to become a spermatozoa |
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What is the function of a Sertoli cell (sustentacular cell) ? |
support, nourish and regulate spermatogenic cells |
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Where is the mitochondria located on the sperm? |
middle piece |
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Why is the mitochondria needed on the middle piece of the sperm? |
to produce ATP energy to move the tail |
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What is another name for male sex hormone? |
androgen |
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What is the function of interstitial cells? |
secretes testosterone under influence of LH from anterior pituitary |
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Where are interstitial cells found? |
between the seminiferous tubules (in testes) |
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Which hormone does the hypothalamus secrete that allows it to control the testes' function? |
its neurosecretory cells secrete into the anterior pituitary gland gonadotropin releasing hormone |
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Which organ does the gonadotropin releasing hormone affect? |
anterior pituitary gland because it causes the gland to release gonadotropin hormones |
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What are two examples of gonadotropin hormones? |
Follicle stimulation hormones (FSH) and lutenizing hormones (LH) |
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What is the function of follicle stimulation hormone in men? |
promotes the production of sperm within seminiferous tubule |
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What is the inhibitor released in response to FSh? |
inhibin, inhibits FSH synthesis |
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How does luteinizing hormone affect men? |
increase production of testosterone |
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What is in common with all gonadotropin hormones? |
They all involve negative feedback |
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What are the effects testosterone has on the body? |
puberty |
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What is the name of the canal the testicles descend during embryonic development? |
inguinal canal |
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What is cryptorchidism? |
testicles dont descend from abdomen |
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What is the function of the scrotum? |
to allow for cooler temperatures to store sperm |
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How many chromosomes are there in human sex cell? |
23 |
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At which stage of sperm's life do Sertoli cells nourish the sperm? |
spermatozoa, mature |
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What suspends testes in scrotum? |
spermatic cords |
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What is a hernia? |
abdominal contents pushed into inguinal canal and into scrotum (small intestine) |
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Which part of the nervous system causes an erection? |
parasympathetic |
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What are the 3 components of the penis? |
glans penis |
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What is the cone-shaped terminal portion of penis covered with nerve endings for sensitivity? |
glans penis |
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Which part in the penis produces smegma? |
smegma, lubricates foreskin |
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What produces prostaglandins, fructose and proteins for sperm? |
seminal vesicles |
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What is the path of sperm during ejaculation? |
seminiferous tubules ---> epididymis ---> vas deferens ---> ejaculatory duct ----> prostate gland ----> urethra ---> BOOM |
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What is ovulation? |
when an egg bursts from the ovaries |
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What is the function of oviducts? |
(fallopian tube) |
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Where does the fertilization, final stages of oogenesis and zygote formation of egg normally occur? |
in fallopian tubes |
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What is an ectopic pregnancy? |
implantation inside fallopian tube |
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What is the function of the uterus? |
muscular organ for nurturing the egg |
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What is the cervix? |
opening of uterus that is inside vagina |
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Which layer within the uterus forms the placenta? |
Endometrium with the basal and functional layers |
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What is the test for cervical cancer called? |
Pap Smear |
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What is a hysterectomy? |
removal of uterus if cancer is found |
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What is the vulva? |
all the external female genitalia |
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What is the fatty prominence under pubic hair? |
mons pubis |
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What is oogenesis? |
production of an egg or oocyte |
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What fingerlike projections sweep the ovaries? and which structure do they belong to? |
fimbriae, fallopian tube |
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What is the labia majora? |
it is the largest flaps in the vagina |
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What is contained within the labia majora? |
labia minora, clitoris, hymen |
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Clitoris |
homologous to penis with erectile tissue |
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Labia Minora |
Flaps at opening of vagina |
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Hymen |
ring of tissue that partially closes vagina |
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Which part of the vagina lubricates it? |
labia minora and blood vessels secrete fluids |
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How does follicle stimulating hormone affect women? |
stimulates follicular development in ovary causes estrogen and progesterone to be secreted |
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How does luteinizing hormone affect women? |
involved in uterine cycle and development of corpus luteum which secretions progesterone and estrogen |
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What produces and secretes sex hormones in a woman? |
ovarian follicles |
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What are oocytes surrounded by? |
follicular cells |
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What is weeks 1-2 called and what occurs? |
follicular phase |
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What happens to the secondary oocyte if it gets FSH secretions from the anterior pituitary gland? |
enlarges to become Graafian follicle |
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What happens as the graafian follicle grows bigger? |
if forms a bulge that merges with wall of ovary and will burst releasing the secondary oocyte also known as ovulation |
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What is the substance that surrounds the secondary oocyte? |
a mucoprotein called zona pellucida |
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What is the function of zona pellucida? |
surrounds secondary oocyte after it bursts from Graafian follicle, helps sperm acrosomal enzyme function and bind sperm to egg |
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What happens to a follicle once it has lost its secondary oocyte? |
it becomes a corpus luteum, a hormone releasing structure |
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What causes the follicle phase to come to an end? |
increase in estrogen levels stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to reduce the levels of follicle stimulating hormone |
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What happens when there's a spike in estrogen at a time of ovulation? |
stimulates hypothalamus which secretes more gonadotropin release hormone , this causes teh anterior pituitary gland to release more LH and FSH, |
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What is thought to be the cause of ovulation? |
increased luteinizing hormone levels |
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What does corpus luteum secrete? |
progesterone |
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Describe the Luteal Phase |
1. corpus luteum formed |
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Describe Day 1-5 of a woman's month |
blood vessels rupture, menstruation |
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Describe Day 6-13 of a woman's month, what is this phase also called? |
Increased production of estrogen by ovarian follicle, (follicular phase) |
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Describe Day 15-28 of a woman's month, what is this phase called? |
corpus luteum causes endometrium to double in thickness due to more progesterone secretions and uterine glands produce thick mucus secretion |
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What is the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? |
during the follicular cycle where increased estrogen levels cause the thickening of the uterus |
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What is the secretory phase of the uterine cycle? |
part of the luteal cycle where due to increased progesterone levels the uterus releases a thick mucus |
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Describe the development of an embryo |
1. fertilized egg |
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What hormone does the placenta produce? |
HCG, human chorionic gonadotropic hormone |
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How does HCG affect the body? |
it prevents degeneration the corpus luteum which prevents the drop in estrogen and progesterone |
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What effects does the placenta have when it produces estrogen and progesterone during its development? |
1. maintains endometrium |
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Where is oxytocin produced? |
in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland |
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What are the effects of oxytocin on the body? |
smooth muscle contraction in the uterus, causes labor and stimulates lactation |
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What is unique about the hormone oxytocin compared to the gonadotropin hormones? |
it has a positive feed back |
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How do you know if your wife about to pop a baby out? |
1. amnion, amniotic fluid, breaking water |
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What prevents bacteria from entering the vagina during pregnancy? |
plug of mucus |
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What is the function of the placenta? |
waste removal, gas exchange and nourishment of fetus |
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Which blood vessel brings blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus? |
umbilical vein |
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What blood vessels take blood full of waste CO2 away from the fetus? |
umbilical artery |
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What carries blood to and away from the embryo? |
umbilical veins and arteries |
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What does the foramen ovale do for the embryo? |
allows passage of blood from right to left atrium to bypass lungs |
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What does ductus arteriosus do for the embryo? |
blood vessel connecting pulmonary artery to aorta allowing blood to bypass lungs |
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What does the ductus venosus do for the embryo? |
between umbilical vein and inferior vena cava |
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What causes blue baby condition? |
flap not covering oval opening |
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What are four features in circulation that humans do not have that fetuses do? |
1. umbilical veins and arteries |