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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Respiration Definition : |
Exchange of gases between the external environment and the body's cells. |
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What structures does the Respiratory Zone consist of ? |
Alveoli (external respiration occurs here) |
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What structures does the Conducting zone consist of |
Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles |
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What zone does Gas exchange occur in ? |
Respiratory Zone |
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Jobs of the Conducting zone ? |
Transport Clean Regulate Temperature Moisten Protect (chemical testing) |
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Functions of the Respiratory System ? |
1. Inhale Air from external environment 2. Excrete wastes (CO2 & H2O) 3.Regulate PH 4. Clean, Filter and moisten inhaled air 5. Regulate Temperature of inhaled air 6. Moisten inhaled air 7. Chemically test inhaled air 8. Direct air and food to correct "tubes" 9. Production of speech |
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Describe Function "inhale air from external environment" |
- Inhale air from the external environment and take it to the lungs, in order for oxygen to get into the cells for celluar respiration. (pulmonary ventilation) |
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Describe Function "Excrete wastes" |
- Excrete CO2 and H2O from the lungs to the external environment. Must be removed in order to maintain homeostasis. - If not excreted Carbonic Acid is formed upsetting homeostasis |
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Explain Function "regulate PH" |
- if the internal environment (body) becomes to acidic we would breath faster in order to excrete wastes and upsetting homeostasis. |
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Explain Function "Clean, Filter and Moisten inhaled air" |
- Taking inhaled air and making sure it is clean and filtered, in order to protect the Alveoli from microbes, dust, dirt and pollen. |
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Inhaling and exhaling air to and from the lungs is a part of the process called ? |
Pulmonary Ventilation |
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Oxygen moves from the alveoli of the lungs to the blood of the pulmonary capillaries during the process called ? |
External respiration |
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The process that Co2 moves from the cells of a body organ into the blood of the capillaries within that organ is called ? |
Internal Respiration |
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Aerobic Respiration occurs in the ? |
Mitochondria |
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Providing the cells with an abundant supply of oxygen is the function of what systems ? |
Respiratory System & Cardiovascular |
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During cellular respiration glucose is anaerobically metabolised into _________ when it is still located in the _______ of the cell? |
Pyruvic Acids & Cytoplasm |
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The earths atmosphere is what percentage oxygen ? |
21% |
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The process of the blood carrying gases around the body is called ? |
Blood gas transport |
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Scientific Name for the throat is ? |
Pharynx |
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Erythrocytes perform what function ? |
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Fibrocytes and Fibroblasts perform what function? |
Produce Collagen and Elastin |
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Mast cells and Basophils perform what function ? |
Secrete histamine and heparin |
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Melanocytes perform what function |
production or melanocytes |
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Engulf and destroying microbes is done by what cells ? |
leucocytes, macrophages and phagocytes |
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Protects the stomach from acid is done by what cells ? |
Epithelial cells |
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Production and secretion of mucous is the function of what cells ? |
Goblet cells |
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Storage of triglycerides is done by what cells |
adipocytes |
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Propel food through the small intestine is the function of what cell ? |
Smooth muscle cells |
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Neurogial Cells perform what function ? |
Protect , support and insulate neurons |
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Neurons conduct what impulses |
Nerve impulses |
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Engulf and recycle bone protein matrix and minerals is done by what cell ? |
Osteocytes |
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Functions of the nose ? |
1. Inhale air from ext enviro to the pharynx. 2. clean, warm and moisten air to protect alveoli from microbes. 3.Chemically test the air using olfactory receptors which detect chemicals in the inhaled air, resulting in sense of smell,. 4, Act as a resonating chamber for speech |
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What does the external nose consist of ? |
Nasal bone, frontal bone, cartilage, fibrous membrane. maxillae bones help to support covered in skin and lined with a mucous membrane. Cartilage gives the nose majority of its shape . |
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What cartilage gives the nose most of it shape ? |
Hyalin cartilage with collagen and elastic fibers |
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The bridge of the external nose is made of what bones ? |
Nasal bones |
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External nares are apart of which nose ? |
External Nose |
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What blends to the face at the nasofacial angle ? |
The external nose |
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The Area inside the external nose divided by the septum is called ? |
Vestibles |
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What is the job of terminal hairs (virbrissae) within the vestibles of the external nose ? |
To clean inhaled air from dust, dirt, debri and microbes . |
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What is the function of the olfractory receptors ? |
Olfractory mucosa is located at the roof of the nasal cavity which contains the olfractory receptors which help us with our sense of smell. |
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What is the Pharynx ? |
The pharynx is known as the throat. A tube that is 12-13cm long. Flexible and can change shape and size. Begins at the internal nares (back of nasal cavity) and goes behind the mouth down until the tubes spilt into Larynx and Oesophagus. |
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Name the three sections in order that the Pharynx divides into ? |
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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What is the pharynx made out of ? |
The walls are formed by skeletal muscle and lined with a mucous membrane wrapped in connective tissue (serosa) |
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Where is the Nasopharynx located ? |
Begins at the internal nares (back of nasal cavity) and ends around the soft palate and uvula. |
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Where is the Oropharynx located ? |
Begins at the soft palate and uvula and ends at the level of the hyoid bone. |
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Where is the Laryngopharnx located ? |
Located at the beginning of the oesophagus and larynx tubes. |
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What is the function of the Tonsils ? |
an addition to helping the muscosa and lysosomes do cleaning. Once infected can not be of any use. |
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Nasal cavities are lined with what ? |
respiratory mucosa, pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated. |
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What is a sinus ? |
A sinus is a deliberate hole or space in cancellous bone tissue. |
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What lining does a sinus have ? |
Mucosa (ciliated pesudostratifed columnar epithelium containing goblet cells which produce the mucous. Lysosomes are also present in order to ingulf microbes. |
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Where are all the Paranasal sinuses located ? |
1. Frontal bone x 2 leading to internal nose. 2.Ethmoid Bone leading to internal nose. 3. Sphenoid x 1 leading to nasal cavity. 4. Maxillae x 2 leading to nasal cavity |
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Where are the frontal sinuses? |
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Where is the sphenoid sinus ? |
sss |
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Where are the ethmoid sinuses ? |
zsss |
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Where are the maxillae sinuses ? |
sss |
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In what order does the inhaled are reach the sinuses ? |
1.External nares 2. Vestibles 3. nasal cavity 4. sinuses 5. nasal cavity 6. internal nares 7. pharynx |
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What do the sinuses do to the inhaled are ? |
Clean moisten warm |
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What must be transported out of the sinus when dirty ? |
Mucous |
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What acts as a resonating chamber to contribute to our speech? |
Sinuses |
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Functions of the Sinuses ? |
1. Passageway for inhaled air. 2.Regulate Temperature of inhaled air. 3.Clean, Filter and Moisten inhaled air. 4. Chemically test inhaled air. 5. Act as resonating chamber for speech. |
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The Pharynx divides into three sections, these are called ? |
1. Nasopharynx 2.Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx |
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Where is the Nasopharynx located ? |
Begins at internal nares and ends at the soft palate and uvula. |
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Where is the Oropharynx located ? |
Begins at the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone. |
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The laryngopharynx is located where the pharynx splits into ? |
Oesophagus and Larynx |
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What is the Pharynx made out of ? |
Skeletal muscle walls, a mucous membrane wrapped in connective tissue. |
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The two jobs the Pleura of the lungs does ? |
1. Protection from microbes and trauma. 2. Ability to inhale and exhale (causing no friction and making it easy to slide over one another) |
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What occurs when inhaling during pulmonary ventilation ? |
When inhaling atmospheric pressure must be greater than the pressure within the lungs. |
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What does intrapulmonary mean ? |
Pressure within the lungs (lung pressure) |
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What is the job of the diaphragm when inhaling air ? |
The brain sends a message to the diaphragm telling it to contract. The skeletal cells shorten and flatten in shape. So the Diaphragm changes from a rounded shape to flattened shape. The parietal pleura is attached to the diaphragm so will HAVE to move in order for this movement to occur. |
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The function of Apuneustic & Pneumatic ? |
Adjust and control length and smoothness of your breath by sending messages to the Medullary Rhythmic centre. Depending on what you are doing, eg: Running, exercising, sleeping. |
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What does the Respiration Centre do ? |
Controls breathing |
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Where is Apuneustic & Pneumatic located ? |
In the Pons of the brain stem |
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Factors that affect pulmonary ventilation ? |
1. Pressure Gradient 2. Resistance 3. Lung compliance 4. Lung elasticity 5.surface tension |
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Where are the Neurons located in the brain? |
In the brain stem located in the Medulla and Pons in the Apuneustic and Pneumatic. |
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What Job do the neurons have in pulmonary ventilation ( control of breathing) ? |
Neurons excite spontaneously sending messages to the diaphragm and external intercostals telling them to contract. |
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What occurs when the messages to the diaphragm and external intercostals ? |
(Breathing) inhaling stops this is when we exhale for about 3 seconds. |
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Where are Chemoreceptors located ? |
AORTA (lungs blood vessel) |
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Why are the Chemoreceptors located in the Aorta ? |
in order to check O2, H2O & CO2 levels (blood pH) before the blood travels to the organs in the body, this information is taken to the respiratory centre also. |
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Why is the Respiratory centre notified of the CO2, O2 and H2O levels (blood pH) in the blood? |
a small change in the pH levels have a huge impact on our breathing. The respiratory centre controls the speed and length of our breathing so it must be adapted if the blood pH levels are too high or low. This determines whether we need to hyperventilate or hypoventilate. |
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When pH levels in the blood are too HIGH what doest the respiratory centre cause us to do ? |
Hyperventilate to excrete more gases in order to balance pH levels to maintain homeostasis. This causes us to breath faster. |
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When pH levels in the blood are too LOW what does the Respiratory centre cause us to do ? |
Hypoventilate in order for less gas to be excreted. In order to balance pH levels in the blood and maintain homeostasis. This causes us to breath slower |
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Definition : Ventilation rate ? |
# of breaths per minute. |
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Definition: Tidal Volume |
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal quiet breathing. (500mls inhaled into structures - 350 ONLY reaches the Alveoli ) |
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Anatomical Dead space |
All structures and organs air is entered during inhalation when 500mls is inhaled Conducting zone - Nasla cavity, Pharynx, Larynx , Trachea. |
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Dead air |
air inhaled which does not perform gas exchange or eve reach the lungs and alveoli |
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Alveoli ventilation |
air inhaled 350mls that reaches the alveoli and is involved in gas exchange. |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume: |
Amount of EXTRA air inhaled on top of regular inhale. |
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Expiratory Reserve Volume |
Amount of air exhaled forcefully on top of regular exhale ( 1,200mls) |
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Vital capacity |
maximum air exhaled from lungs after maximum inhale. |
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Residual Volume |
air left in lungs after max exhale (1,200mls) |
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Total lung capacity |
Total / max volume of air held in lungs 6,000mls |
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minute volume |
volume of gas inhaled or exhaled per minute to and from lungs (350mls) |
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Forced Expiratory Volume |
measures air a person can exhaled during forced exhale. |
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Define sinus ? |
a deliberate space or hole in the cancellous bone tissue with a tunnel leading to the outside. |
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What is the job of a sinus? |
air enters the sinus in order to cleaned, moistened and warmed. |
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Where are the sinuses located ? |
2 Frontal 2 Ethmoid 1 Sphenoid 2 maxillae Located in the cancellous bone of each bone. |
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what lines the sinuses ? |
Mucosa (mucos membrane) |
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The tunnels leading outside of the sinus are lined with what ? |
Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells containing lysosomes. |
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The function of mucos in the lining ? |
Mucos gathers dust, dirt and microbes and becomes dirty and must be transported out of the sinuses. |
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How is mucos transported out of the sinuses? |
BLOWING NOSE : cilia transports mucos down the nasal cavity through the internal nares > Larynx > Pharynx > oesophagus. |
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When does inhaled air enter the sinuses ? |
external nares > vestibules > nasal cavity > sinuses > nasal cavity > internal nares. |
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What does the internal nose consist of ? |
Roof - Sphenoid and ethmoid bones. Floor - Maxillae and palatine bones Walls- Maxillae , Ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae. |
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What does the External Nose consist of ? |
Bridge - Made of two nasal bones Walls- Maxillae & Ethmoid Entire nose - Cartilage Hyalin & fibrous membrane. |