Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What parts make up the conduction portion?
|
- nasal cavity
- nasopharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi -bronchioles - terminal bronchioles |
|
What parts make up the respiratory portion?
|
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts - alveoli |
|
What is the function of the conduction portion?
|
- Warms, moistens and filters the air before it reaches the respiratory portion
- mucosa associated lymphatic tissue |
|
What is the function of the respiratory portion?
|
respiratory membrane for gas exchange between air and blood
|
|
What epithelium is the thin skin made of? respiratory?
|
- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
|
Nasal Fossae
|
- two cavities separated by midline septum
- three conchae (shelves, turbinates) project from lateral wall |
|
The three conchae that project from the lateral wall of the nasal fossae, each has a different mucosa, which one is responsible for what?
|
superior- olfactory mucosa
middle and inferior-respiratory mucosa |
|
Countercurrent exchange
|
- blood flow in the rich, arcading blood vessels is opposite to the direction of air flow for efficient warming
- makes the whole environment warmer as you go inside |
|
What are the 5 cell types in the respiratory epithelium?
|
- ciliated columnar cells
- goblet cells - brush cells - basal cells - granular cells |
|
Goblet cells
|
- next most abundant cell type
- basal nuclei, rich rER and golgi - apical portion filled with secretory granules containing mucous droplets |
|
Brush(Tuft) cells
|
- pear shaped
- numerous microvilli at the apex - afferent nerve endings ont eh basal surfaces |
|
Basal cells
|
- small cells that do not reach the lumen
- stem cells responsible for mucosal regeneration |
|
Small Granular cells
|
- like basal cells, but with a lot of granules
- produce hormones to release into blood stream - belong to the diffuse neuroendocrine system DNES (APUD) |
|
Olfactory epithelium
|
- chemoreceptors of smell
- superior conchae mucosa - pseudostratified columnar with 3 cell types: supporting, basal, and olfactory |
|
Supporting cell of olfactory epithelium
|
- narrow base and wide apex
- microvilli on luminal surface, submerged in a serous fluid layer |
|
Basal cells of olfactory epithelium
|
- spherical or cone shaped
- single layer at the basement membrane - stem cells |
|
Olfactory cell of the olfactory epithelium
|
- bipolar neurons
- dendrites on one side possess 6-8 non-motile cilia- chemoreceptors - efferent axons from bundles in teh lamin propria |
|
Bowman glands
|
secrete the serous fluid medium around the cilia and microvilli of supporting and olfactory cells
|
|
Olfactory nerve
|
neuronal axons pass through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
|
|
Nasopharynx
|
- lined with respiratory epithelium
- posseses mucous and serous glands int eh lamina propria beneath the respiratory epithelium - abundance of lymphoid tissue |
|
Larynx
|
- Box of cartilage connecting the pharynx to the trachea
- Hyaline: thyroid, cricoid, and most arytenoids - Elastic: Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and tip of arytenoid |
|
Epiglottis of the larynx
|
- projects from anterior rim of larynx at the posterior end of the tongue
- mostly covered by strateified squamous epithelium - mixed mucous and serous glands - during swallowing larynx elevates to close again epiglottis, protecting airway |
|
Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
|
- Consist of skeletal muscle, and vocal ligament, covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
- below vocal cords, lining epithelium changes back to respiratory epithelium |
|
How does the pitch of sounds effected by the vocal folds?
|
contraction of laryngeal muscles changes the size of the opening between vocal cords
|
|
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
|
- superior to vocal cords
- loose CT containing glands, lymphoid aggregations and fat cells - covered by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory) |
|
Trachea
|
- lumen defined by a column of 15- 20 C shaped cartilage rings in the lamin propria, lined with respiratory epithelium
- open end of the C is posterior to accommodate esophageal expansion |
|
What contracts in the trachea when you cough?
|
fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle bundle that bridge the trachea
|
|
What helps the ciliary motility in the trachea?
|
serous glands int ehlamina propria-->watery secretion to decrease viscosity of mucus
|
|
How does smoking effect the trachea?
|
- loss of cilia
-basal cell hyperplasia - goblet cell hyperplasia -sub epithelial inflammatory cell infiltration - altered gene expression |
|
Broncheal tree
|
- two primary bronchi
-enter the lung at the hilum then branch - continue to branch down-->bronchioles (one for each bronchiole)-->5-7 terminal bronchioles - lobules are pyramidal, with apex towards the hilum, less delineated with age |
|
Bronchi
|
-9-12 dichotomous branching
- cartilage forms irregular plates - spiral smooth muscles in lamina propria, more extensive distally - lymphocyte infiltration in lamina propria |
|
Bronchioles
|
- Epithelium varies from ciliated columnar with goblet cells to ciliated columnar or cuboidal in small ones
- Lamina propria: smooth muscle and elastic fibers (NO CARTILAGE) - lacks glands in submucosa |
|
Distinguishing features of primary bronchiole?
|
Ciliated columnar or cuboidal epithelium
- NO glands or cartilage - few goblet cells |
|
Terminal bronchioles
|
- Cuboidal cells, no goblet, no glands, no cartilage
- Neuroepithelial bodies serve as chemoreceptors and have cholinergic nerve endings - Clara cells have no cilia have secretory granules, are anti inflammatory proteins, metabolism of airborne toxins by cytochrome P-450 enzymes present in the SER |
|
Clara cells
|
- no cilia
-secretory granules -anti-inflammatory proteins - metabolism of airborne toxins by cytochrome P-450 enzymes present in the SER |
|
Neuroepithelial bodies
|
-80-100 cells
- cholinergic nerve endings - chemoreceptors |
|
Respiratory portion of the Respiratory System
|
- Where exchange of gases takes place across respiratory membrane
- Simple squamous epithelium - Includes: respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts (sacs) alveoli |
|
Respiratory Bronchioles
|
- Mucosa interrupted by alveolar extensions
- beginning of gas exchange - ciliated cuboidal + clara cells - alveolar sacs lined with squamous cells - smooth muscle and elastic fibers in LP |
|
Alveolar ducts
|
- the tube wall is composed entirely of alveoli
- alveoli lined with squamous epithelium - network of smooth muscles - matrix of elastic and reticular fibers - end into the interalveolar atria |
|
Alveoli
|
- bud off the walls of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
- interalveolar septum has two layers of squamous epithelium sandwiching blood vessels, nerves, elastic and reticular fibrous network and connective tissue cells |
|
Inter Alveolar Septum
|
- Richest capillary network in body
- Elastic and reticular fibers provide structural support - leukocytes and macrophages may be found - Blood-air barrier |
|
What is the blood-air barrier?
|
- squamous cell (alveolar lining)
- fused basal laminae - endothelial cell (capillary lining) |
|
What are the two types of lung disease that affect the inter alveolar septum?
|
- obstructive: narrowing of airway, difficult EXPIRATION
- restrictive: loss of elasticity, lack of expansion, difficult INSPIRATION |
|
Alveolar cells Type I
|
- Squamous alveolar cells
- mostly organelle free cytoplasm - desmosomes and occluding junctions--sealing the alveolar space away from tissue fluids - pinocytotic vesicles |
|
Alveolar cells Type II
|
- not for gas exchange
- Much larger then Type II - found in pairs or threesomes usually in alvoelar corners - dispersed among and tightly attached to Type I cells - secreted as surfactant (reduces surface tension of alveoli to prevent their collapse under external pressure) - responsible for regeneration of both its own population and that of type I cells |
|
Pulmonary surfactant function
|
- air bubbles in water tend to contract to the smallest possible size due to surface tension at air/water interface
- Decreasing surface tension prevents collapse of the alveoli - surfactant works at the air/water interface with its hydrophilic residues facing wet tissues and hydrophobic residues facing air |
|
Pulmonary surfactant
|
- synthesized by type II alveolar cells-->lamellar bodies
- aqueous, proteinaceous hypophase covered with phospholipid film |
|
Lung Macrophages
|
- dust cells
- within the septum, sometimes int eh alveolus |
|
Alveolar pores
|
- equalize air pressure between alveoli
- in bronchiolar obstruction-->venues for collateral circulation |
|
Pulmonary vasculature
|
- systemic (nutrient) and pulmonary (functional) vessels
- pulmonary artery branches accompany the pulmonary tree - at the alveolar duct level-->extensive capillary network-->run within the septum for gas exchange - nutrient vessels run with the bronchial tree down to the level of respiratory bronchioles |