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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gas exchange- function of respiratory system
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Delivery of oxygen to circulatory system for distribution to tissues
Involves Flow of air into and out of lungs Diffusion of gases between air and blood (occurs within lung) |
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Vocalization- function of respiratory system
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Involves specialized region of respiratory tract
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Olfaction- function of respiratory system
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Occurs in specialized area of lining of caudal part of nasal cavity
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Temperature control- function of respiratory system
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Cooling of blood though evaporation of water in upper respiratory tract
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Acid-base regulation- function of respiratory system
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Regulation of blood ph
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Upper respiratory tract
components |
Nose
External nose Nasal vestibule Paired nasal cavities Paranasal sinus Nasopharynx (with associated auditory tubes) Proximal trachea (to level of thoracic inlet) |
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Lower respiratory tract
components |
Trachea
Bronchi Lungs |
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Nose
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Bony case with movable cartilaginous portion rostrally
Cartilages moved by muscles Size and shape vary between species |
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External nose
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Specialized nasal integument in most species surrounds paired nostrils
Modification of epithelium (hairless, thickened, often pigmented) |
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Variation between species with external nose
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Nasal plate (carnivores)
Nasolabial plate (ox) Rostral plate (pig, contains rostral bone) |
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Philtrum-
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saggital groove in rostral nasal integument
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Nasal vestibule
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Narrow passage from nostril to wider nasal cavity
Mucotaneus junction within vestibule, site of opening of lateral nasal gland ducts (and nasolacrimal duct in horse) |
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In horse nasal vestibule divided into dorsal and ventral parts
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Dorsally- nasal diveritculum ( false nostril)
Ventrally true nostril leading to nasal cavity |
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Nasal cavity
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Conducts air from nostrils to nasopharynx
Housed within bony casing, divided in the midline by nasal septum Floor (had palate) separates nasal cavity from oral cavity Caudally limited by ethmoid bone Bony casing extended rosrally by nasal cartilages Divided into small passages by conchae (turbinate bones) Communicates with nasopharynx through choana |
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Nasal cartilages
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Form framework of mobile part of nose
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name the conchae in the head of the horse
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Septal cartilage
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(rostral part of nasal septum)
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Several paired cartilages in nose form
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forming dorsal and lateral walls
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nostrils moved by
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LEVATOR NASOLABIALIS AND CANINUS (belong to muscles of facial expression, innervated by FACIAL NERVE CNVII)
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Nasal conchae
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Also called nasal turbinate bones
Delicate scrolls of bone, covered in mucosa, projecting into the nasal cavity from dorsal and lateral walls |
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Dorsal conchae
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single elongated scroll
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Ventral conchae
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- rostral part of nasal cavity-double scroll in most species, horse-single scroll, dog- complex filling ventral part of nasal cavity
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Ethmoidal (ethmoiturbinates) conchae
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numerous fine bony scrolls attached to ethmoid llateral and dorsal walls. Support olfactory mucosa
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Function of conchae
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to increase surface area for heat exchange, filtration and humidification of air by nasal mucosa, and for olfaction
Divide nasal cavity into dorsal, middle, ventral and common nasal meatuses |
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Choana
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Opening through which air passes from nasal cavity into nasopharynx
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lateral nasal gland
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only in CARNIVORES
large serous gland between mucosa and maxillary bone in lateral wall duct opens in lateral wall of nasal vestibule secretion important in wetting external nose |
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nasolacrimal duct
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duct which drains years from eye to rostral part of nasal cavity
proximal openings at medial canthus of eye (where eyelids meet medially) runs within lateral wall of nasal cavity distal opening in nasal vestibule at mucocutaneous junction in horse Just central to alar fold in dog |
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paranasal sinuses
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diveritucla (outpocketings) of nasal cavity into skull bones
develop after birth and increase in size with age lined with normal (secretory) nasal epithelium drainage of secretion though small openings into nasal cavity which can be blocked by mucus debris or mucosal congestion |
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functions of paranasal sinuses
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lighten skull while allowing bony development for muscle attachment
probably thermal and mechanical protection of soft tissues of head resonance of voice |
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frontal sinuses
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drain into ethmoid region (except in horse)
extend into corneal process (base of horn) in ruminants |
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maxillary sinuses
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communicate with nasal cavity though narrow naso maxillary opening except in dog and cat (wide opening- maxillary recess)
house root of upper cheek teeth in some species further diveritcula into adjacent bones (e.g. palatine bone) |
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maxillary sinus in horse
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rostral and causal divisions
partly filled by unerupted cheek teeth |
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frontal sinus in horse
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extends into dorsal chonca ( which is closed off from nasal cavity)
drains into caudal maxillary sinus |
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drainage of all sinuses in horse into nasal cavity
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through narrow common nasomaxillary opening
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cere
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soft, keratinized tissue at base of upper beak in some birds
can be used to sex budgies (blue in male, brown in female |
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palate
in birds |
no soft palate- no nasopharynx
elongated medial choana (closed during swallowing) |
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infraorbital sinus
in birds |
diverticulum enclosed by caudal concha
as in mammals, inflammation can cause problems |
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nasal gland
in birds |
located in lateral wall of nasal cavity
secretes sodium in marine birds (salt gland) |