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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following is the function of the turbinates?
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Increase the surface area of the nasasl cavity
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Which function of the nose is lost if a plastic endotracheeal tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and into the trachea?
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Air- conditioning
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In a deeply unconscious patient, which of the following is the most common threat to upper airway patency?
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Soft tissue obstruction
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Which of the following structures is an important landmark during the insertion of a tube into the trachea?
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Vallecula
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What is the narrowest portion of the airway in the infant?
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Cricoid ring
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What is the narrowest portion of the airway in the adult larynx?
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Glottis
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Which of the folliwng is the term assoicated with a sound created by a high veocity air flowing thru a narrowed glottis?
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Stridor
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Which feature of the trachea prevents collapse from external pressure, especially during virgorous coughing?
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Rigidity
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If an edoctracheal tube is inserted too far in the process of intubation, it's tip is more likely to enter the left bronchus(T?F)
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False
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Which of the following is the best description of the conduction airway mucosal epitehlium?
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Columnar, ciliated, pseudostratified cells with goblet cells
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Which group of cells comprises most of the alveolar surface?
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Type I
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Which group of cells engulfs microogransims and foregn material in the alveolus?
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Macrophages
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What is the term that describes the presences of fluid in the pleural space caused by inflammation?
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Plueral effusion
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What is the meaning of the anatomical shunting?
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That systemic arterial blood can never hanve the same partial pressure of oxygen as the alveolar gas.
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Which of the following is the source of innervation for the lungs?
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Autonomic nervous system
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Which of the following is a good example of slowly adaption strectch receptors?
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Herring- Breuer reflex
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You are assisting a PGY-1 surgery resident with the insertion of a chest tube. The resident turns to you aking which border of the rib he should aboid when placing the tube. Your answer should be:
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The lower border
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Which of the following parts of the sternum marks the level of the carina?
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Angle of Louis
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Which of the following is the primary muscle active in quite breathing
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Diaphragm
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If the lungs fail to empty normally during exhalation, because of either weakened elastic recoil forces or high resistance to airflow, the retained volume causes which change in the chest radiograph?
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Flattening of the diaphragm
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Although the diaphrgm is the principal muscle of inspiration, it is not essential for survival.
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True
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Which are responsible for the creation of the subatmospheric pressure between the lung and chest wall?
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The lung has a tendency to recoil inward and pull away from the chest wall AND the thorax has a tendency to recoil outward, way from the lung.
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What causes air to move in or out of the lungs while keeping the lungs in an inflated state?
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Pressure gradients
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Change in lung volume resulting from a unit of pressure change is known as which of the following?
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Lung compliance
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Which of the following statements is true of stiff lungs or patients with restrictive disorders?
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The more elastic the lung, the less its' compliance.
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Which of the following condtions is charracterized by a loss of elastic lung tissue?
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Emphysema (Floppy lung)
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by high lung recoil forces?
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Pulmonary fibrosis
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Which of the following is the function of the surfactant?
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Lower surface tension
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What is the normal CLT?
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0.1 L/cm/H20
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What is the normal CL
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0.2L/ cm H20
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Which of the following explains the rapid, shllow breathing strategy of patients with pulmonary fibrosis?
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High elastance
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VE is the product of which of the following parameters?
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VTxf
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Which of the following terms defines the conducting airways from the mourth and nose down to and including terminal bronchioles?
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Anatomical dead space
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What is the approximate amount of anatomical dead space in normal adults?
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1 mL/ pound IBW
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Which of the following terms describes the rise in PaCO2 above normal?
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Hypercapnia
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Normally, approximately what percentage of the inspired Vt remains in conducting airways, never reaching alveoli?
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30% to 40%
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What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?
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continuous absorption of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide
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what is meant by "internal respiration"?
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exchange of gases between blood and the tissue
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By what mechanism does gas exchange across the lung occur?
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simple diffusion
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Which chromosome has been found to carry the defective gene responsible for the development of cystic fibrosis?
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7
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What genetic disorder has been linked to emphysema?
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a1-antitrypsin deficiency
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What is rather unique regarding the blood supply to the lung?
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It recieves blood from right and left ventricles
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Running vertically down each himthorax anteriorly is an imaginary line that is used as an anatomical landmark. What is that line called?
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midclavicular line
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What is the name of the thin serious membrane that covers the inner layer of the thoracic wall?
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parietal pleura
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how far is the diaphragm pulled dlow during tidal breathing?
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1 to 2 cm
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What pulmonary disorder could lead to acute flattening of the diaphragm?
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asthma
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The diaphragm is innervated by which of the following nerves?
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phrenic
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What is the function of the very small amount of pleural fluid that is found in the plueral space?
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reduces friction
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What will most commonly blunt the costophrenic angle as seen on chest radiograph in an upright individual?
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excess fluids
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Which of the follwing statements describe a normal adult lung?
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the right lung has three lobes and two fissures.
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The pulmonary arterial circulation does which of the following?
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devlievers unoxygenated blood to the lungs and orginates on the right side of the heart
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The pulmonary venous circulation does what?
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delievers oxygenated blood back to the heart and empties into the left atrium
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Compared with the systemic circulation, pressure in the normal pulmonary circulation is:
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lower
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The upper respiratory tract traditionally ends at what point?
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inferior border of the larynx
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What is your primary concern if you discover that a patient does not have a gag reflex?
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fear of aspiration of bacteria or food
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The subdivisions of the pharynx are
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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What is the leaf-shape carilage that extends from the based of the tongue and is attached by lgaments to the throid cartilage?
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epiglottis
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What is the space that separates the true vocal cords?
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glottis
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What position is used to open the airway in an unconscious patient?
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sniff position
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At what point does the trachea branch into two mainstrem bronchi?
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carina
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What portion of the left lung corresponds anatomically to the middle lobe of the right lung?
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lingula
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What is the name given to the action produced by the forward stroking of millions of cilia?
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mucocilliary escalator
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What is the common name given to classify the airway from the nares to the terminal bronchioles?
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conducting airways
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What is called the "functional unit of the lungs"?
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acinus
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Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by which type of lung cells?
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type II pneumocytes
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Most of the muscle mass of the heart is located in which chamber?
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left ventricle (LV)
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The mitral (bicuspid) valve does which of the following?
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prevents atrial backflow during ventricular contraction
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What is the ability of myocardial tissue to propagate electrical impulses?
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automaticity
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Which of the following represent the normal order of structures encountered by blood flowing from the vena cava to the aorta?
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RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve
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Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the total amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, or cardiac output?
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Rate x stroke volume
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The first heart sound is associated with what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?
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atrioventricular valve closure
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The second heart sound is associated with what mechanical event of the cardiac cycle?
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semilunar valve closure
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During each cycle of normal resting ventilation, a volume of gas is moved into and out of the respiratory tract. The cyclical volume is called the:
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tidal volume (Vt)
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What pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle?
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alveolar pressure (Palv) and pleural pressure (Ppl)
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Which of the pressure gradients is responsible for the actual flow of gas into and out of the lungs during breathing?
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transrespiratory pressure gradient (Palv-Pao)
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Which of the following pressure gradients is responsible for maintinaing alveolar inflation?
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transpulmonary pressure gradient (Palv-Ppl)
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During expiration, why does gas flow out from the lungs to the atmosphere?
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Palv is greater than at the airway opening
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What term is used to note the difference between inspiratory lung volume and expiratory lung volume at any given pressure?
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hysterisis
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The presence of surfactant in the alveoli tends to do which of the following?
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decrease surface tension
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What occurs at a lung volume equivalent to the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
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The forces of the chest wall and lungs are in balance, chest wall expansion is offset by lung contraction, and opposing chest wall-lung forces generate negative Ppl.
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What is the term for the impedance to ventilation caused by the movement of gas through the conducting system of the lungs?
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airway resistance
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How is airway resistance (Raw) computed?
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change in pressure/ change in volume
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Normal Raw is approximately which of the following?
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0.5 to 2.5 cm H2O/L/sec
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If a patient has Vt of 370 ml and repiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, what is the minute ventilation?
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7.40 L/ min
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A patient has a Vt of 625 ml and physiological dead space of 275 ml and is breathing at a frequency of 16 per minute. what is the alveolar ventilation (VA)?
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5600 ml/min
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A normal 150 lb man is breathing at a rate of 17 with a tidal volume of 450 ml. By estimation, what is his approximate alveolar ventilation?
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5.10 L/ min
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In what portion of the lungs does alvelolar dead space normally occur?
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apices
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Which is the correct formula to calculate the alvelar minute ventilation of spontaneously breathing subject?
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fx(Vt-VDSphys)
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In clinical practice measuring the physiologic dead space ventilation is achieved by using which formula?
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modified Bohr equation
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Given a constant cabon dioxide production, how will changing the level of VA affect the PaCO2?
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an increase in Va will decrease PaCO2
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What is ventilation in excess of metabolic needs called?
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hyperventilation
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What is the single best indicator of the adequacy or effectiveness of VA?
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PaCO2
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