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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cells contain smaller structures called _____ that carry out their metabolic functions. |
Organelles |
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Many physiological processes are controlled by self-correcting ____ ____ loops. |
negative feedback |
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All animals in the subphylum _____, including humans, have a jointed spinal column and a cranium. |
vertebrae |
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Organisms whose cells have true nuclei, including humans are called ______. |
eukaryotes |
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_____ is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions. |
homeostasis |
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All chemical change in the body is collectively called _____. |
metabolism |
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The study of structures that can be observed without magnification is called ______ _______. |
gross anatomy |
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In a dynamic physiological equilibrium, conditions fluctuate slightly around an average value called the ______. |
set point |
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_____ ____ is a process in which a physiological change triggers further change in the same direction. |
positive feedback |
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____ ____ is a force of nature that affects the evolution of the structural and functional characteristics of a species. |
selection pressure |
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An ____ is composed of two or more tissues, working to perform a specific function. |
organ |
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A statement or set of statements that summarize our present understanding of a phenomenon is a _____. |
theory |
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A ____ is any structure specialized to detect a stimulus. |
receptor |
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_____ is the grade of structure between cells and organs. |
tissue |
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A verbal or mathematical statement that decribes a predictable natural phenomenon is called a _____. |
law |
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The ___ ___ is a characteristic of most primates not seen in other mammals. |
opposable thumbs |
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A ___ is any chemical composed of two or more atoms bonded together, whether the atoms are of the same or different elements. |
molecule |
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The amount of energy is a chemical that can do useful work is called its ___ ___. |
free energy |
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The process of receiving or giving up electrons and acquiring a charge is called ___. |
ionization |
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Any chemical that speeds up a reaction, but is not consumed by it is called a ____. |
catalyst |
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Protective compounds such as selenium and a-tocopherol that neutralize free radicals are called ___. |
antioxidants |
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Whenever two or more substances are physically combined, but do not chemically react with each other, they form a ____. |
mixture |
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Compounds that ionize in water and produce a solution that will conduct electricity are called ___. |
electolytes |
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Two molecules that have the same atoms arranged in different ways are called ___ of each other. |
isomers |
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The second law of thermodynamics says that some energy goes to waste in every chemical reaction, because it escapes in the form of ____. |
heat |
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A positively charged ion is called a ____. |
cation |
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A ___ ___ is a highly reactive, uncharged particle with an unpaired valence electron. |
free radical |
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The chemical symbol of potassium is ___. |
K |
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A ___ is a mixture that is cloudy because its particles are large enough to scatter light, but which does not spontaneously separate because its particles are small enough to remain permanently suspended in the solvent. |
suspension |
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An ____ ____ becomes oxidized in a redbox reaction. |
electron donor |
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____ is the most physiologically relevant way of expressing electrolyte concentration. |
mEq/L |
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An ___ ___ is a reducing agent. |
electron donor |
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Chemical reactions that release heat are called ____. |
exergonic |
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The synthesis reactions of metabolism are collectively called ____. |
anabolism |
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Electron acceptor is the best definition of an ___. |
acid |
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Although temperature is measured in degrees, heat itself is measured by ___. |
calories |
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The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a ___ reaction. |
hydrolysis |
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Dietary fiber consists largely of the indigestible polysaccharide ____. |
cellulose |
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Any enzyme that digests fat is called a ____. |
lipase |
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A major change in enzyme structure that destroys its catalytic ability is called ___. |
denaturation |
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A chemical that is changed by an enzyme is called its ___. |
substrate |
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The process of ___ splits glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. |
glycolysis |
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A protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called its ____. |
enzyme |
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The formula for a carboxyl group is ____. |
-COOH |
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Hydrophobic molecules comprised of three six carbon rings and one five carbon ring are ___. |
steroids |
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A common model used to describe enzyme-substrate specificity is ___. |
lock and key |
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___ is the process that produces lactic acid in humans. |
fermentation |
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Inorganic ions that activate enzymes are ___. |
cofactors |
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__ __ is the process by which most ATP is produced in humans. |
aerobic respiration |
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Any chain of numerous similar or identical molecular subunits is a __. |
polymer |
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A __ __ is the type of bond that links adjacent amino acids together in proteins. |
peptide bond |
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Protein cylinders called ___ form the core of a cilium or flagellum, and form part of the cytoskeleton. |
microtubules |
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The plasma membrane is said to be __ __ because it allows some substances to pass through, but excludes others. |
selectively permeable |
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__ is a process of membrane transport that depends on the hydrostatic pressure exerted on a fluid. |
filtration. |
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One difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport is that facilitated diffusion moves substances down their __ __, while active transport moves them up. |
concentration gradient |
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the plasma membrane is composed mainly of protein and __ molecules. |
phospholipid |
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Channel proteins that can open or close their pores in response to changes in voltage across the plasma membrane are called __ __. |
voltage-gated channels |
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__ is a process in which cells destroy non-functional organelles. |
apoptosis |
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Imbibing fluid droplets on one side of a cell, transporting them across the cell, and releasing them on the other side, is called __. |
transcytosis |
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Facilitated diffusion and active transport are both classified as __ transport because they involve transport proteins in the plasma membrane. |
carrier-mediated |
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the organelle that detoxifies free radicals is the __. |
lysosome |
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The organelle the synthesizes carbohydrates and conjugates glycoproteins is the _ _. |
golgi complex |
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A molecule that binds to a protein of the plasma membrane is a __. |
ligand |
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A __ is an expected modification on the surface of a cell that is specialized for absorption. |
microvilli |
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The supportive framework of a cell, termed __, is composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. |
cytoskeleton |
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The core of cilium and flagellum, called the __, is responsible for its motility. |
axoneme |
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The __ __ is an organelle that produces secretory vesicles destined for exocytosis. |
golgi complex |
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A solution that is more dilute than cytoplasm and would cause a cell to swell with water is said to be __. |
hypotonic |
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__ is the process by which a cell imbibes droplets of extracellular fluid without changing the composition of the fluid. |
pinocytosis |
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The sex of a person from which a tissue was taken could be determined from the __, a chart in which photographs of the chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs. |
karyotype |
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Two identical-looking chromosomes, each of which was inherited from a different parent, are called __ chromosomes. |
homologous |
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A __ is, in some cases, a gene for a growth factor. It can mutate and become a cancer-causing oncogene. |
proto-oncogene |
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The spread of cancer form its original site in the bod to new locations is called ___. |
metastasis |
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Any environmental agent that causes cancer is called a ___. |
carcinogen |
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A __ cell is one that has half as many chromosomes as those cells with a complete chromosome set. |
haploid |
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The alternative forms taken by a single gene are called its __. |
alleles |
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The __ is the combination of genes that a person has for a specific trait. |
genotype |
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_ _ is a phenomenon in which cells stop dividing when they are in close contact with neighboring cells, thus preventing excessive tissue growth. |
contact inhibition |
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__ is the molecule that possesses an anticodon. |
tRNA |
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Cellular reversion to an undifferentiated form, called __, is commonly seen in malignant tumors. |
anaplasia |
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__ __ are chemicals that stimulate mitosis in target cells. |
growth factors |
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The __, phrase refers to cells that no longer undergo mitosis. |
G(o) |
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Dynein is found in the __ as well as in cilia and flagella |
kinetochore |
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__ is the division of the cytoplasm following mitotic division of the nucleus. |
cytokinesis |
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A structure involved in cytokinesis that is made of microtubules is the __ __. |
mitotic spindle |
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The epidermis is said to be a __ stratified squamous epithelium because it is covered with dead, protein-filled cells. |
keratinized |
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Any gland that has no duct and secretes its products directly into the blood is called an __ gland. |
endocrine |
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Hyaline cartilage is covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the __. |
perichondrium |
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All the material that occurs outside the cells is called __ material. |
extracellular |
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Thendons are in a category called __ __ connective tissue because all their fibers are more or less parallel and closely spaced. |
dense regular |
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A simple epithelium is one in which every cell reaches the ___. |
basement membrane |
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All connective tissues consist of cells, fibers, and __ __. |
ground substance |
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The cell body of a neuron usually has one axon and numerous___ extending from it. |
dendrites |
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The growth of a tissue due to enlargement of its cells, but no involving the production of new cells, is called __. |
hypertrophy |
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Glands that produce thin, watery secretions are called ___ glands. |
serous |
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Formation of scar tissue is known as__. |
fibrosis |
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__ is the primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle and connective tissue. |
mesoderm |
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The merocrine method uses __ to secrete its product. |
exocytosis |
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All body passages open to the exterior are lined with __ __. |
mucous membranes |