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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Piaget's cognitive development stage theory (name the 4 theories)
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(assimilation and accomodation)
-Sensorimotor -Pre-operational -Concrete -Formal operations |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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0-2 yrs; here and now, object permanence
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Pre-operational Stage
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2-7 yrs; egocentric, intuitive rather than logical reasoning, reason dominated by perception, no conservation
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Concrete Stage
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7-11 yrs; understand conservation, inferential thinking, quantitative reasoning, reversibility of thought
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Formal Operations Stage
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12 yrs - adult; hypothetical situations, generalize learning, adult-like in reasoning
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Kohlberg's stages of moral development (name the 3 stages)
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-Preconventional
-Conventional -Postconventional |
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Preconventional stage
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behavior motivated by avoidance of punishment
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Conventional stage
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conformity of social norms
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Postconventional stage
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high ethics and moral principles of conscience
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Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
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bobo doll; learning not only through negative and positive reinforcement, but also through observation; kids can act aggressively simply by watching the aggressive behavior of others
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Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
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positive and negative reinforcement (both increase behavior); positive and negative punishment (both decrease behavior); extinction (lack of reinforcement, decreased behavior); learned helplessness
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
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manipulated stimuli occurring before presentation of food to dogs; started as investigation of gastric function of dogs and chemistry of saliva
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Seligman's approach
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work with dogs, learned helplessness
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Erickson's developmental stages (name the 5 stages)
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-trust vs mistrust
-autonomy vs shame/doubt -initiative vs guilt -industry vs inferiority -identity vs role confusion |
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Trust vs Mistrust
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0-18 mos; attachment to caregiver
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Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
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18 mos-3 yrs; begin to understand they control their behavior, develop confidence
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Initiative vs Guilt
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3-5 yrs; taking initiative in play and other tasks, imaginary play and choosing activities
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Industry vs Inferiority
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6-12 yrs; success or failure in school has lasting effect on self-efficacy and sense of adequacy; learn sense of industry if recognized
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Identity vs Role Confusion
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13-18 yrs; sense of identity, sense of self and strong ego; peers, role models, social pressure important
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Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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Maslow postulated that needs are arranged in a hierarchy in terms of their potency. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than others. The lower the need is in the pyramid, the more powerful it is. The higher the need is in the pyramid, the weaker and more distinctly human it is. The lower, or basic, needs on the pyramid are similar to those possessed by non-human animals, but only humans possess the higher needs
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Name the 5 levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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-physiological needs
-safety and security needs -love and belonging needs -esteem needs -self-actualization (o The first four layers of the pyramid are what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "D-needs:" the individual does not feel anything if they are met, but feels anxious if they are not met. Needs beyond the D-needs are "growth needs," "being values," or "B-needs." When fulfilled, they do not go away; rather, they motivate further) |
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Physiological needs
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the first level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs; including the biological requirements for food, water, air, and sleep
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Safety and Security needs
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the second level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes needs for structure, order, security, and predictability
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Love and Belonging needs
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the third level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs; includes needs for friends and companions, a supportive family, identification with a group, and an intimate relationship
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Esteem needs
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the fourth leel of Maslow's hierarchy of needs; This group of needs requires both recognition from other people that results in feelings of prestige, acceptance, and status, and self-esteem that results in feelings of adequacy, competence, and confidence. Lack of satisfaction of the esteem needs results in discouragement and feelings of inferiority.
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Self-actualization
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apex of the original pyramid – morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
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Premack principle
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highly desirable event can be used as motivation for non-desirable event
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Psychodynamic theory
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behavior strongly influenced by forces within one's personality; usually unconscious; people are controlled by impulses, desires, conflicts that need to be resolved; early experiences are vital to development; Freud
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Humanistic theory
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behavior influenced by one's self-concept and subjective perceptions; need for personal growth; Maslow and Rogers
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Behavioristic theory
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behavior shaped by consequences from environment; people learn by associating events and outcomes; strong emphasis on data collection of observable behavior; basis for FBA; Skinner and Pavlov
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Cognitive theory
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behavior shaped by how one processes information and value/beliefs stemming from thinking; concerned with perception and people's thinking about events; people learn by observing others; schema and cognitive maps; Bandura
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Neuro/Biopsychological theory
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behavior heavily influenced by physiological, chemical and biological processes; behavior can sometimes be reduced to cellular or neuronal level; Goleman and LeDoux
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Theory of Mind
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understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, perspectives; often associated with ASD
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Social Comparison theory
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people use peer groups to evaluate own opinions, feelings, actions and abilities
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Attribution Theory
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people interpret and attribte their emotions to events, which in turn shape behavior and thinking; based on cognitive theory
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