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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Scientific Method
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a way of gathering and evaluating information. It involves observation, hypthesis formation, hypothesis testing, critical evaluation of results, and the publishing of findings.
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Cause-and-effect Relationships
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a relationshhip between two events or things in which a change in the first leads to a change in the second.
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Observation
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ability to detect events by the sense or machines that extend the senses.
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Hypothesis
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a logical statement that explains an event or answers a question that can be tested.
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Experiment
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an artifical situation designed to test the validity of a hypothesis.
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Variables
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things that cange from time to time
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Controlled Experiment
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an experiment in which two groups are compared. One, the control, is uses as a basis of comparison and the other, the experimental, has one factor different from the control.
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Reproducibility
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a characteristic of the scientific method in which independent investigators must be able to reproduce the experiment to see if they get the same results.
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Theory
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a unifying principle that binds together large areas of scientific knowledge.
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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the widely accepted theory that all matter is made of small particles that are in constant movement.
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Scientific Law
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a uniform or constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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states that matter is not gained or lost during a chemical reaction.
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Pseudoscience
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a deceptive practice that uses the appearanc eor language of science to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking something has scientific validity, when it does not.
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Atoms
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the basic subunit of elements, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Element
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a form of matter consistin gof a specific kind of atom.
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Nucleus
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the central region of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
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Protons
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the positively charged particle locaed in the nucleus of an atom.
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Neutrons
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neutrally charged particle located in the nucleus of an antom.
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Electrons
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the lightweight, negatively charged particle that moves around at som edistance from the nucleus of an atom.
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Isotopes
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
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Molecules
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two or more atoms chemically bonded to form a stable unit.
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Ions
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an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge because it has either gained or lost electrons.
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Compound
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a kind of matter composed of two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together.
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Mixtures
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a kind of matter consisting of two or more kinds of matter intermingled with no specific ration o the kinds of matter.
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Acid
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any substance that, when dissolved in water, releases hydrogen ions.
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Base
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any substance that, when dissolved in water, removes hydrogen ions from solution; forms a salt when combined with an acid.
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Hydroxide Ions
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a negatively charged particle consisting of a hydrogen and an oxygen atom, commonly released from materials that are bases.
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pH
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the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the bumber of hydrogen ions present.
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Chemical Bonds
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the physical attraction between atoms that results form the interaction of their electrons.
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Exothermic Reactions
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chemical reaciton in which the newly formed compounds have less chemical energy than the compounds from which they were formed.
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Endothermic Reactions
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chemical reaction in which the newly formed chemical bonds contain more energy than was present in the compounds from which they were formed.
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Activation Energy
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the initial energy input required to start a reaction.
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Catalyst
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a substance that alters the rate of a reaction but is not itself changed.
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Enzymes
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protein molecules that speed up the rate of specific chemical reactions.
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Photosynthesis
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the process by which plants manufacture food. Light energy is used to conver carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen.
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Respiration
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the process that organisms use to release chemical bond energy from food.
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Energy
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the ability to do work.
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Kinetic Energy
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energy of moving objects.
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Potential Energy
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the energy of position.
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Sensible Heat
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the heat energy stored in a substance as a result of an increase in its temperature.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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a statement about energy that says that under normal physical conditions, energy is neither created nor destroyed.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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a statement about energy conversion that says that whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is lost.
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Entropy
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the degree of disorder in a system.
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Combustion
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the process of releasing chemical bond energy from fuel.
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