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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Homology |
Similarity in organisms due to common ancestry Table 25.2 - (Trait A is homologous among the red branches) |
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Monophyletic group |
An evolutionary unit that includes ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others (also called lineage, or clade) |
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Synapomorphy |
A shared, derived a trait Table 25.2 (trait A occurs only in the red branches |
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Homoplasy |
Similarity in organisms due to reasons other than common ancestry Table 25.2 (trait B arose twice independently) |
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Polyphyletic group |
An unnatrual group (shown in purple) that does not include the most recent common ancestor |
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Paraphyletic group |
A group that includes an ancestral population and some of its descendents, but not all Table 25.2 The above is shown in blue (See dicots in chapter 28 and fish and reptiles in chapter 32) |
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The common ancestor of dolphins and Ichthyosaurs.... |
Did not have streamlined body or fins and flippers. They evolved their similar traits independently. |
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Hippos, Cows, deer, and pigs are artiodactyls, these mammals have: Because whales do not have the _____-shaped ankle they are considered the outgroup |
1. Hooves 2. An even number of toes 3.An unusual pulley-shaped ankle bone (astragalus) Pulley |
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Traditionally, phylogenetic trees based on morphological data place whales as the outgroup to atriodactyls |
They, whales, do not have an astragalus (a pulley shapes anklebone that is found in the other creatures. |
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Every plant came from |
Ancestral Alga |
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All nonvascular plants (origin of land plants *above* 475 mya) |
1. Liverworts 2. Hornworts 3. Mosses |
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All Seedless vascular plants (origin about 420 mya) |
1. Lycophytes 2. Pterophytes |
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All seed plants (origin of seed plants about 360 mya) |
1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms |
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Ecosystem services progivded by green algae and land plants include |
1. Producing oxygen via oxygenic photosynthesis 2. Building soil by providing food for decomposers 3. Holding soil and preventing nutrients from being lost to wind or water erosion 4. Holding water in soil 5. Moderating the local climate by providing shade and reducing the impact of wind landscapes |
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Artificial selection (Human involvement) |
Changes the traits of domesticated plants |
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Plants are used for the following |
Fuel - Wood burning for energy, fossil fuels Fiber - Used for clothes, rope household articles Building Materials - Lumber for houses and furniture Medicines - About 25% of the prescriptions written in the United states each year include at least one molecule derived from plants Food - Fruit, Vegetables, etc. |
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Nonvascular plant descriptors - |
-Lack of vascular tissue (specialized groups of cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients trhoughout the plant body) -Include mosses -Use spores, not seeds, for reproduction and dispersal |
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Seedless vascular plant descriptors - |
-Have well-developed vascular tissue -Do not make seeds; use spores for reproduction -Includes ferns |
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Seed plant descriptors - |
-Have vascular tissue -Make seeds (consist of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer -Include angiosperms [IMPORTANT] (*encased-seeds*), or flowering plants and gymnosperms [IMPORTANT] (*Naked seeds*) |
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Cuticule |
A waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves. |
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Stomata |
Have pores that allow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissues. |
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Clones |
Genetically identical copies of the parent plant |
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Rhizomes |
Underground stems that can produce new individual plants |
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Corms |
Modified underground stems that function in plant propagation |
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Plantlets |
Young or small plants that may form along the margins of plant leaves. A form of asexual reproduction |
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Mature seeds can form without fertilization by |
Apomixis |
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Four ways to make clones are |
Rhizomes Corms Plantlets via margins of plant leaves Apomixis via seeds |
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The Stamen: Anther Filament |
Stamen = Male reproductive structure Anther = Produces pollen Filament = Supporting stalk |
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The Carpel: Stigma Style Ovary |
Carpel = Female reproductive structure Stigma = Sticky tip Style = Elongated stalk Ovary = Contains ovules |
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Petal |
Flower petals, wtf? you know this. |
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Sepal |
The green leaf thing underneath the flower petal that people like to draw |
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Flowers that contain both stamens and carpels are |
Perfect |
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Flowers that contain either stamens or carpels, but not both, are |
Imperfect |
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Monoecious plants have separate ______- and ______-producing flowers on the same individual |
Stamen, Carpel Fun fact: In corn, the tassel is a collection of "male" flowers and the ear contains a group of "female" flowers |
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Dioecious plants such as ______ produce only male flowers or female flowers |
Cannabis |
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Fertilization initiates fruit development as well as seed and embryo development. As fruit matures, the walls of the ovary thicken to form the _______, the part of the fruit that surrounds and protects the seed. |
Pericarp |
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Three basic fruit types: ____________-like the cherry develop from a single flower that contains a single carpel or several fused carpels ____________-like the blackberry develop from a single flower that contains many separate carpels ____________-like the pineapple develop from many flowers and thus from many carpels |
Simple fruits, Aggregate fruits, Multiple fruits |
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Form and Function of Modified Roots: Anchor roots-_________________ Pneumatorphores-____________ Prop roots-____________________ Storage roots-_________________ |
Anchor- These adventitious roots anchor stems to walls and to other plants Pneumatorphores- Allow for gas exchange between roots and atmosphere Prop- These adventitious roots stabilize the stem Storage- Sugar beets store carbohydrates and other nutrients in their taproot for future use |
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Form and function of Modified Stems: Water-storage structures-________________ Tubers-___________________________________ Stolons-___________________________________ Thorns-___________________________________ Rhizomes-________________________________ |
Water-storage structures- Cactus stems store water; the spines are modified leaves. Tubers- Tubers such as potatoes store carbohydrates such as starch Stolons- Strawberry stolons produce new individuals at nodes above ground Thorns- Thorns provide protection from herbivores Rhizomes- Produce new individuals at nodes below ground, and store carbohydrates |
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Form and function of modified leaves- Bulbs-_________________ Floral mimics-_________ Succulent leaves-______ Traps-_________________ Tendrils-_______________ |
Bulbs-Onion leaves store food Floral Mimics- Red poinsetta leaves attract pollinators Succulent leaves- Aloe-vera leaves store water Traps- Picther plant leaves trap entering insects, use their hood to discourage insects from flying out, and then digest them Tendrils- Pes tendrils aid in climbing |
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Types of leaves: Simple- Compound- Doubly compound- Needle-like- |
Simple- has a petiole and a single blade Compound- has a blade divided into leaflets Doubly compound- Is large yet rarely damaged by wind or rain Needle-like- are characteristic of species adapted to very cold or hot climates. |
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Plant cells are surrounded by a cellulose rich |
Primary cell wall |
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Some plant cells have a rigid |
Secondary cell wall |
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Plant cells are connected by |
Plasmodesmata |
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Plant tissues are grouped into ________, based on their structural features and location within the plant. |
Tissue systems |
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Simple tissues- Complex tissues- |
Simple- consist of a single cell type Complex- Contain several types of cells |
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Three tissue systems are found in plants: 1. 2. 3. |
1. Dermal tissue system 2. Ground tissue system 3. Vascular tissue system |
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Trichomes |
Hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells that perform various functions |
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Most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage takes place in the ___________ |
Ground tissue system |
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Ground tissue is a complex tissue made up of three distinct tissues: 1. 2. 3. |
1.Parenchyma 2.Collenchyma 3.Sclerenchyma |
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Parenchyma 1. In leaves: 2. In roots: |
1.Photosynthesis and gas exchange 2.Carbohydrate storage |
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Collenchyma 1. 2. 3. |
1. Cross section of celery stalk 2. Close-up of "string," 3. Collenchyma cells, in cross section |
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Sclerenchyma 1. 2. |
1.Fibers 2.Sclereids |
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Vascular tissue system is made up of two complex tissues: 1. 2. |
1.Xylem 2.Phloem |
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Xylem |
Conducts water and dissolved nutrients from the root system to the shoot system |
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Phloem |
Conducts sugars, amino acids, hormones, and other substances from roots to shoots and from shoots to roots |
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Types of things involving Xylem 1. Tracheids 2. Vessel elements 3. Tracheids and vessel elements |
1. long, tapered and have pits 2. short and wide and have perforations as well as pits 3. are found together in vascular tissue |
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Types of things involved Phloem 1.Sieve tube/companion sell 2. Longitudinal section/sieve plate 3.Cross section/companion cell/sieve plate |
Not sure what to put here |
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Apical meristems what is it? And: 1. 2. 3. |
Give rise to three distinct primary meristems 1.Protoderm: gives rise to the dermal tissue system 2.Ground meristem: gives rise to the ground tissue system 3.Procambium: gives rise to the vascular tissue system |
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Cambium |
Differs from an apical meristem -forms a cylinder that runs the length of the root, trunk or branch -its cells divide to increase the width of the plant |
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Two types of Cambia plants: 1. 2. |
1. Vascular cambium- is located between secondary xylem and secondary phloem 2. Cork cambium- is located near the outer perimeter of the root, trunk, or branch |
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Tree trunk, what is the inner/outer xylem called? |
Inner xylem=heartwood Outer xylem=sapwood |
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Water potential |
the potential energy of water in a particular environment, compared with the potential energy of pure water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature |
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Water potential is measured in |
Megapascals (Mpa, 10 Pa) |
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Pure water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature has a water potential of |
0Mpa |
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A solution is |
A homogenous mixture of a liquid solvent (often water) and dissolved substances or solutes |
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Water potential has two major components |
1.Solute potential (Kingdeomkey small s) 2.Pressure potential (Kingdomkey small p) |
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Solute potential is |
The tendency of water to move by osmosis SOLUTE POTENTIAL OF LEAVES DROP DURING HOT, DRY MONTHS |
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Pressure potential is |
The tendency of water to move in response to pressure |
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Turgor pressure is |
an important source of pressure on water in cells |
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Water potential is defined by the equation |
Kingdom Key = Kingdom Key small p + Kingdom Key small s |
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Root pressure causes guttation which is |
The secretion of droplets of water through a plants pores |
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Capillary action: Surface Tension- Adhesion- Cohesion- |
Surface tension- Pulls water column up to minimize air-water interface Adhesion- Water attracted tog lass is pulled up against the force of gravity Cohesion- Holds water molecules in the water column together |
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Translocation |
Is the movement of sugars through a plant by bulk flow from sources to sinks through the phloem |
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Transpiration |
Water absorbed by roots, water travels through plant, water evaporates from leaf surface |
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Monocots |
Vascular tissue is scattered throughout the stem, parallel veins, petals in multiples of 3, One cotyledon |
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Dicots |
Two cotyledons, Vascular tissue in circular arrangement in stem, branching veins in leaves, petals in multiples of 4 or 5 |