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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the Characteristics of Bureaucracy? |
Administrative component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency |
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What are the characteristics of Bureaucracy? |
Specific Management Approach: workers are motivated to produce entirely through economic rewards Human Relations Approach: Workers are motivated by relationships, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy. |
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What are the Types Groups? Explain what they are and give examples. |
Collection of people who interact regularly and form social relationships Primary Group: small group characterized by intimate face-to-face interaction and cooperation; comprised of significant others Secondary Group: formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy; formed to complete a task or goal In-Group: "Us"; a group to which a person feels like he/she belongs Out-Group: "Them"; a group in which a person feels like he/she doe NOT belong Reference Groups: started for evaluating one's own behavior; any group one uses to evaluate one's own group Small Group: groups small enough for all members to be interacting s |
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What are social statuses? What is the difference between Ascribed and Achieved status? What is a master status? Give examples for each. |
Social Status: refers to any of the socially defined positions within a group or society; ex: president, daughter, student, neighbor Ascribed Statues: a status one is born into/ with; ex: sister, brother, age Achieved Status: a status that one has to earn; ex: friend, employee, classmate Master Status: a status that dominates other and determines a person's general position in society--it is assigned by others and varies by setting |
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What are social roles? What is Role Strain? What is role conflict? What is role exit? Give an example for each. |
Social Roles: sets of expected behaviors for people who occupy a certain status; ex: mothers are supposed to be loving and caring toward their children no matter what and still make them functioning humans Role Strain: challenge that results from differing expectations associated with the same social position; ex: being editor-in-chief Role Conflict: challenge occupying two or more social positions simultaneously; honor roll student and editor-in-chief and swim team captain Role Exit: disengaging from a role that is central to one's self identity and reestablishment of a new role; mother w/children at home to mother w/out children at home or editor-in-chief to college freshman |
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What are social networks? Explain and give examples. |
A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others and through them indirectly to still more people. Example: Employment links a person to other employees within store and (if a chain) other stores as well. RVC = students meeting new students, teachers, administration, etc. |
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What are social institutions? Explain and give examples. |
Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs. Example: private vs. public school, catholic church vs. heartland, etc. |
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What is a preindustrial society? What is an industrial society? What is a post industrial society? |
Preindustrial Society: rely on what's readily available; ex: 3rd world countries Industrial Society: depend on mechanization to produce its goods/services; ex: U.S.A, Britain Post Industrial Society: economic system is engaged primarily in the processing/control of information; ex: countries/nations that provide mostly services |
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What is the Functionalist View of Mass Media? Give an example of each. |
Agent of Socialization: mass media provides a collective experience for members of a society Enforcer of Social Norms: The media often reaffirms proper behavior by showing images that enforce cultural value Conferral of Status: the mass media confers status on people, organizations, and public issues Surveillance of the Social Environment: surveillance function refers to the collection/distribution of information concerning events in the social environment Dysfunctional Media (the Narcotizing Effect): providing massive amounts of information makes the audience become numb and fail to act on the information |
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What is the Conflict View on Mass Media? Give examples. |
The media reflect and exacerbate the divisions of our society and world (gender, race, ethnicity, and social class) Gate Keeping: within the mass media, a relatively small number of people control material eventually reaches the audience Dominant Ideology: (Constructing Reality) the media transmit messages that virtually define what we regard as the real world |
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What is the Feminist View of Mass Media? Give Examples. |
The images of the sexes communicate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perspectives. |
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What is the Interactionist View on Mass Media? Give examples. |
The examine the media on the micro-level to see how they shape day-to-day social behavior. |
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What is globalization? Give examples. |
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
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What is the difference between conformity and obedience? Give examples. |
Conformity: going along with peers (people who have similar/same status) who have no special right to direct our behavior; ex: attitudes, clothing, etc. Obedience: combine with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure; ex: Stanley Milgrim shock experiment, following rules at place of employment |
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What is the difference between formal and informal social control? |
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What is Deviance? Give examples. |
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. Stigma: describes the labels society uses to devalue members of a certain social class/groups |
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What is the Functionalist Perspective on Deviance? Give examples. |
Focus: how people adapt to the demands of society Elements: goals and means Results: Anomie Anomie: a state of normlessness that occurs during periods of profound social change; ex: prohibition, women's suffrage, gender identity/sexual orientation |
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What is the Interactionist Perspective on Deviance? Give examples. |
Focus: degree of exposure to attitudes favorable to deviance/crime Elements: primary groups--frequency, duration, intensity Result: conformity or deviance The Routine Activities Theory: criminal victimization is increased when motivated offenders have suitable targets Labeling Theory: how a person comes to be viewed and labelled a "deviant" Sutherland's Differential Association Theory: through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior |
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What is the Conflict Perspective on Deviance? Give Examples. |
Focus: people with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs |
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What is the Feminist Perspective on Deviance? Give Examples. |
Society tends to treat women in stereotypical fashion Deviance, including crime, tends to flow from economic relationships |
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What are the different types of crime? Examples. |
Professional Crime: pursued as a person's day-to-day occupation Organized Crime: work of a hierarchical group that regulates regulations between various criminal enterprises through a business White Collar and Technology-Based Crime: committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent people Victimless Crime: willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services |
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What is social stratification? Give examples. |
Structured ranking of entire groups of people according to social attributes; ex: income, wealth, power, prestige, etc. Social Class variables Result = social inequality: members of a society different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power |
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What are the systems of social stratification? Explain what they are. |
Slavery: the most extreme form of social inequality Castes: hereditary systems of rank, usually religiously dictated, that tend to be immobile Social Classes: systems of social ranking based on economic position |
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What is Marx's class theory? Explain |
Core Idea: Tension and struggle between classes (production owners (bourgeosie) and workers (proletariat)) Surplus of Labor = Exploitation Objective Class: "class in itself" Subjective Class: "class for itself" Class conciousness: unity of working class for revolt/change |
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What is the Functionalist Perspective on social Stratification? |
Core Idea: Stratification is functional to complex society Distribution of wealth Consequence of too much equality? |
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What is Poverty? |
Absolute Poverty: minimum level of substinence that no family should live below Relative Poverty: standard by which people are defined as being disadvantaged when compared to the nation of a whole |
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What is the difference between formal and informal social control? |
Formal Social Control: Formal social control is implemented by authorized agents including police officers, employers, military officers, and others. It is carried out as a last option at some places when the desired behavior is not possible through informal social control. Informal Social Control: It is expressed through norms and customs. Social control is performed by informal agents on their own in an unofficial capacity.Shame, sarcasm, criticism, ridicule and disapproval are some of the informal sanctions. |
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What are some methods to collecting crime statistics? |
UCR! |
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What is the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft? |
Gemeinschaft: small community in which people have similar backgrounds and life experiences Gesellschaft: large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common with other residents. |