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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of crime
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Part I offenses: Murder, manslaughter, rape, assault, theft Part II offenses: Forgery, fraud, vandalism, gambling, disorderly conduct |
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White-collar crime |
Offenses committed by people in positions of respect and responsibility during the ordinary course of their business: antitrust violations, embezzlement, fraud |
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Victim-less crime |
Where "victims" are willing participants in the crime: gambling, prostitution |
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Organized and globalized crime |
Criminal operations in which several criminal groups coordinate their illegal activities (drug trade, gambling, prostitution, etc) |
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Cybercrime |
Crime committed with the aid of networked communications devices such as computers |
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Juvenile Delinquency |
Youthful offenders are young people between 7-17 who commit offenses for which, if they were adults, they could be tried in criminal court. Status offenders are young people who commit specific acts prohibited by the juvenile code (running away from home, truancy, etc) |
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Victims of crime |
Males and blacks are considerably more likely to be victims |
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Police practices |
Influenced by seriousness and solvability of the crime, but also influenced by subtle social factors. More likely to make an arrest in domestic disputes in poor neighborhoods versus more likely to find solutions short of arrest in middle-class neighborhoods. |
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Recidivism
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Repeat of an offense after having been convicted of a crime. * Two-thirds to three-quarters of inmates in state and federal prisons are recidivists. * Two-thirds of people released from prison are rearrested for a felony within three years. |
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Functionalists on crime |
1. Anomie theory (Durkheim) 2. Strain theory (Merton) |
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Anomie theory (Durkheim) |
Crime develops in part to the weakened impact of bonds to family, church, and community. |
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Conflict theory on crime |
Powerful groups in society decide which crimes will be considered serious problems and who will be arrested and sent to jail for committing crimes. Conflict theorists also blame contradictions in capitalism as a source of crime. |
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Interactionists on crime |
1. Differential association theory 2. Labeling theory |
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Labeling theory |
Whether other people define or label a person as deviant is a critical determinant in the development of a pattern of deviant behavior. |
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Differential transmission theory |
Crime and delinquency are learned in interaction with other people, for the most part within intimate primary groups such as families and peer groups. |
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Strain theory (Merton) |
Functionalist view of crime as a consequence of the inconsistency or confusion between the goals people are taught to strive for and the culturally approved means they have available to achieve these goals. |
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Alcohol abuse |
1. Men more likely to become alcoholics; due in part to social acceptability of alcohol for men 2. Rates of alcoholism higher among people with lower levels of income and education 3. Strong associations b/w religion and alcohol consumption 4. Alcohol abuse is a more serious problem among young people b/w ages 18-34 |
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Marijuana |
Higher usage rates among young people |
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Functionalists on substance abuse |
Merton's strain theory 1. Retreatism 2. Innovation |
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Retreatism |
Rejection of culturally approved goals and the importance of achieving them through the culturally approved means |
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Innovation |
Acceptance of cultural goal of success but the user of socially disapproved, possibly illegal, means to achieve it |
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Conflict theory on substance abuse |
What is considered a dangerous drug whose use is sanctioned by society depends on which groups have most control over the political and legal apparatus (War on Drugs, legalization of alcohol versus other drugs) |
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Interactionists on substance abuse |
Cultural transmission theory |
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Prohibition |
Is ineffective |
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Primary prevention |
Preventing drug problems before they begin: 1. Education 2. Interdict drug traffic flowing across borders 3. Reduce production of drug crops by other nations |
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Drug treatment programs |
More effective and less expensive in controlling drug use than drug interdiction or law enforcement efforts to arrest and convict drug users. |
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Therapeutic communities |
Group involvement, social support, and group pressure are used to help addicts quit taking drugs (alcoholics anonymous) |
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Behavior modification |
Aversion therapy that helps addicts associate displeasure or pain with taking a particular drug in order to help wean them off of it |
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Social learning theory of drug abuse |
People become addicted because drugs provide them with personal pleasure or rewards |
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Functionalists on environmental problems |
1. For functionalists, environmental "system" consists of land, air, water, people, and other resources 2. Cultural beliefs and values and the resulting social behaviors play a role in this system 3. High technology and environmental problems are at odds with one another ***Environmental issues become social problems when they produce social disorganization, make it difficult for societies to survive or achieve desired goals. |
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Conflict theorists on environmental problems |
Conflict theorists concerned with distribution of limited resources, not their amount; who gets a share of what's available? Environmental issues become social problems when groups with some power feel that their interests are not being served by current environmental policies and practices. |
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Interactionists on environmental problems |
Environmental issues become social problems when identified and defined by people as such. |
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Environmental problems |
Global warming/climate change, air pollution, declining biodiversity, land degradation, radioactive waste |
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New cultural values |
Cultural values and beliefs affect environmental problems. Current values moving towards sustainability: a sustainable society is one that satisfies its needs without jeopardizing the prospects of future generations. |
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Deep ecology/biocentrism |
1. All life on earth, human and non-human, has equal value; humans have right to destroy life forms only to meet vital needs 2. Humans have become destructively intrusive in the earth's ecosystem and substantial population reduction is necessary 3. Human economic, political, and social structures need to change to come into harmony with the environment |
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Environmental impact formula |
I = P * A * T Impact = Population * Affluence * Technology |
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Carrying capacity |
An upper-size limit that is imposed on a population by its environmental resources and that cannot be permanently exceeded |
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Demographic transition |
The changing patterns of birth and death rates brought about by industrialization: 1. Pre-industrial stage: high birth and death rates 2. Transitional (early industrial) stage: high birth rates, declining death rates 3. Industrial stage: declining birth rate and decline in death rate 4. Postindustrial stage: Low birth and death rates |
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Demographic gap |
The gap b/w high birth rates and death rates |
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Malthusian Theory |
Human population growth not always desirable |
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Population momentum |
The growth of a population if reproduction were immediately reduced to replacement-level fertility. This population growth is due to the current number of organisms in the childbearing age-range. In other words, the growth of the population based on how big it already is, rather than because of how it increases. |
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Human population growth |
Overall growth rate has decreased, but population continues to grow due to population momentum |
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Environmental justice |
The idea that environmental hazards should be shared equally by various groups in society or at least that no group or community should bear the burden of environmental hazards at a level disproportionate to their numbers in the pop. or their contributions to creating the hazard. |